Explain the articulation of the /u:, o:, a:/ sounds from the viewpoint of the horizontal and vertical movements of the tongue.

13. Explain the articulatory differences between the /i: - ı/, /u: - u/, /o: - α/ sounds.

14. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between the fully front /i:/ and the front-retracted /ı/.

seem – since these – this Jean – Jim

meal – mill beat – bit deed – did

mean – mince beacon – bill seek – sick

15. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between the low long of broad variation /a:/ and the vowel /Λ/.

Calm – come started – study target – two-pence

rather – running half – hut arm – other

dark – dull last – luck hardly – honey

16. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between the high /i:, ı/, the mid /e/ and the low /æ/.

Bid – bed – bad team – ten – tan

rid – read – rat hid – head – had

mill – men – man pit – pet – pat

beat – bet – bat sid – said – sad

17. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between the back /o:/, the mixed /ə:/ and the front /æ/.

All – earl – shall torn – ten – tan

caught – curt – cat call – curl – cat

walk – work – whack board – bird – bad

for – fur – fat chalk – church – channel

FUNCTIONAL ASPECT OF SPEECH SOUNDS

Семинарское занятие № 3

1. What is phonology? How are phonemes discovered? What is commutation test? What is the difference between phonemes and allophones? How are they represented in writing?

2. English consonants as units of the phonological system.

3. English Vowels as units of the phonological system.

4. Consonant Phonemes. Description of principle variants occlusive noise consonant phonemes (plosives).

5. Occlusive nasal sonorants /m, n, ŋ/.

6. Constrictive noise consonant phonemes (fricatives) /s, z, f, v, θ, ð, h, ƒ/.

7. Constrictive sonorants (approximants) /r, j, l, w/.

8. Occlusive-constrictive noise phonemes (affricates) /tƒ, Dз/.

9. Subsidiary variants of English consonant phonemes.

10. Vowel phonemes. Description of principal variants: a) monophthongs or simple vowels; b) diphthongs or complex vowels.

11. Subsidiary variants of English vowel phonemes: a) contextual and idiolectal variants of English vowels in terms of CV, VC relations; b) diphthongs.

Литература

1. Бондаренко, Л.В. Фонетическое описание языка и фонетическое описание речи / Л.В. Бондаренко. – Л., 1981.

2. Борисова, Л.В. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка / Л.В.Борисова. – Минск, 1980.

3. Веренинова, Ж.Б. Фонетическая база английского языка / Ж.Б.Веренинова. – М., 1996.

4. Зиндер, Л.Р. Общая фонетика / Л.Р. Зиндер. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М., 1979.

5. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка: учеб. для студентов пед. вузов и ун-тов / С.Ф. Леонтьева. – 3-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Изд-во «Менеджер», 2004.

6. Торсуев, Г.П. Строение слога и аллофоны в английском языке / Г.П.Торсуев. – М., 1975.

7. Щерба, Л.В. Фонетика французского языка / Л.В. Щерба. – М., 1957.

8. Gimson, A.C. An Introduction to Pronunciation of English / A.C. Gimson. – London, 1964.

9. Jones, D. The Pronunciation of English / D. Jones. – Cambridge, 1967.

10. Shakhbagova, D.A. Varieties of English Pronunciation / D.A. Shakhbagova. – M., 1979.

11. Ward I. The Phonetics of English / I. Ward. – Cambridge, 1948.

12. Vassilyev, V.A. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course / V.A. Vassilyev. – M., 1970.

Практическое занятие № 3

Read aloud the minimal pairs below. Single out the phonemes which are contrasted.

Read these words. Pay attention to the allophonic difference of one and the same phoneme.

/t/

aspirated: take, tall, tone

unaspirated: steal, stall, stone

no audible release: outpost, halfpin, football

nasal release: cotton, button, eaten

lateral release: cattle, atlas, at last

/d/

partly devoiced: do, dog, day

voiced: leader, order, murder

voiceless: bid, mad, road

no audible release: good dog, bed time, good cheese

nasal release: admit, road map, red map

lateral release: middle, headless, badly, good luck

/k/

aspirated: come, car, coal

unaspirated: baker, talking, equal

no audible release: locked, deck chair, blackboard, dark night

/g/

lateral release: glow, bugle, struggle

voiceless: dog, leg, vague

partly devoiced: go, geese, girl

voiced: figure, eager, ago, begin

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