Theme 8. Social and political development of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the XX c

1. Social and political development of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the XX century.

2. Political parties during the Russian revolutions. 3. Destiny of the Kazakh intellectuals.

1)At the beginning of the XX century the national liberation movement of the Kazakhs is organized into three currents which later formed the political parties. The most considerable part of patriotic intellectuals is grouped around "Kazakh" newspaper supporting autonomy of Kazakhstan and carrying out progressive reforms in the region. Secondly, priesthood and clerical intellectuals of the southern areas of Kazakhstan, being a part of Turkestan general governorship. And the last current was generated by revolutionary groups.

Among the Kazakh intellectuals two directions clearly began to be outlined: national and radical and liberal and democratic. The representatives of the national intellectuals sought to liberate the people from patriarchal backwardness, to exempt from colonial slavery, to specify the ways of knowledge and progress, acquisition of national statehood. Political ideas and views of the Kazakh intellectuals were brightly shown on press pages; there is a number of new newspapers and magazines. In 1907 a group of the Kazakh intellectuals started issuing Serke newspaper in Petersburg. In the second issue of this newspaper M. Dulatov's article "Our purpose" was published. Imperial guards, having seen the proclamation directed at "stimulation the Kazakh population against all the representatives and bodies of the government", suppressed the newspaper. In March of the same year Kazak newspaper was published in Troitsk, which was suppressed after the first issue. In 1911 the first issue of the Aykap magazine was appeared in print, which had been published in Troitsk, the editor and ideological inspirer of the magazine was M. Seralin, a prominent Kazakh poet and a public figure. The magazine made a huge contribution to development of political life of the steppe.

In 1915 S. Bokeev starts publishing Kazakhstan newspaper, which includes political articles, researches on national literature of the Kazakhs. The special role belongs to Kazak newspaper being published in Orenburg and Turgay in 1913-1918 under edition of A.Baytursynov. The newspaper became the Alash party tribune; there have been discussed the questions of the future of the Kazakh steppe, the state, administrative system. In Petropavlovsk in September, 1913 the El Dalasy newspaper started being published in two languages (Tatar and Kazakh), at the end of the year suppressed for "distribution of revolutionary ideas". From 1916 til the end of 1917 in Tashkent there was the weekly newspaper "Alash" issued by K.Togusov. The newspaper had a socialist tendency although pan-Islamic and anti-

Russian attitudes were strong. After February, 1917 there is a number of recent newspapers and magazines, among which there are editions of pan-Turkistsky and dzhadidsky sense: Birlik Tuy newspaper whose editor-in-chief was M. Shokay, and Zhas Alash. Tirshilik newspaper’s position published in Akmola was close to Kazak newspaper’s.

World War I began in 1914, in which imperial Russia participated, brought to its people the most severe sufferings: social and national oppression intensified, arbitrariness and violence of imperial officials on empire suburbs immeasurably increased.

Economy of Kazakhstan Hard suffered gravely during years of war. Taxes grew by 3-4 times, in some cases by 15 times. The special military tax was imposed. "Voluntary collecting", compulsory subscription to the state loan, in total about 10 different types of collecting and duties were assigned to Kazakh population. Impressment of the lands from Kazakh population proceeded, for needs of war requisitioned clothes, cattle and food products, forcibly mobilized transport for military freights transportation (mainly, bread) to the railway stations. Under the guise of the help to families mobilized the labor duty was entered, i.e. the Kazakhs as labor had to plow, sow and harvest the resettlement village. The area of processed lands both Kazakh and resettlement was reduced, therefore price of bread grew sharply.

In such conditions the decree was published on June 25, 1916 under which all non-Russian manhood at the age of 18 – 43 had to be "commandeered" for works on creation of defensive works around front-line forces and rear works. From Kazakhstan and Central Asia 400 000 people had to be commandeered. The Kazakhs, the Kyrgyz, the Tajiks, the Uzbeks, the Turkmens, the Dungans, the Uigurs were among "foreigners".

The conscription of the Kazakhs for rear works was the cause of the beginning of powerful revolt of the Kazakhs and other people of Central Asia against a colonial policy of imperial Russia. The main reasons of the revolt were the reasons of social and economic and political character: strengthening of colonial oppression, impressment of the lands, growth of taxes and requisitions, exploiting of workers, the policy of russification carried out by tsarism concerning Kazakh and other people of the region, drastic deterioration of people’s position in connection with war.

In Kazakh society some options of the relation to the imperial decree and mobilization were defined. The part of feudal bay highest ranks unconditionally supported mobilization for rear works of the compatriots. Thus, the Semirechensky military governor Folbaum held a meeting of volost and highest ranks of bays of Vernensky district in July, 1916. The gathered people made a promise to give full support in carrying out mobilization for rear works and immediately begin a preparatory work.

The radical part of the intellectuals, mainly natives of the lower class of the nation, adjoined to risen (T.Ryskulov, T.Bokin, A.Maykutov, S. Seyfullin, S. Mendeshev, B. Almanov, A.Dzhangildin and others).

The core of Kazakh liberal and democratic intellectuals led by A.Bukeykhanov, A.Baytursynov, M. Dulatov tried to facilitate a situation and convince imperial administration not to hurry with mobilization, and first to carry out some preparatory events. At the same time, they addressed with the proclamation to Kazakh people with an appeal to calm, to obey to the decree of the tsar of June 25, 1916 about mobilization of the Kazakhs for rear works, not to show resistance to the imperial authorities as it threatens with "strong ruin of economy" of local population. This part of Kazakh intellectuals was afraid that the unarmed people will fall a victim of repressive measures of tsarism. They considered that if the Kazakhs would take part in rear works, after a victory in a war it will be possible to improve the people’s conditions and to receive autonomy. Thus, leaders of the alashs intellectuals adhered to tactics of a reasonable compromise with the colonial empire, putting in the forefront an idea of the people’s survival and preservation of its ethnic integrity.

2) In the spring of 1917 in all Kazakh areas the congresses began to be held, at which the further destiny of Kazakhstan was discussed. After a long preparation in July at the First all-Kazakh congress (July 21-28, 1917) in Orenburg the decision on the party organization, development of the program and promotion of candidates for the Constituent assembly was made. On October 5, 1917 the party obtained the name "Alash", and on November 21of the same year in Kazakh newspaper the draft of the party program written by A.Bukeykhanov and other leaders of the national democratic intellectuals was published. The party included the representatives of the scientific and creative intellectuals: A. Baytursynov, M. Tynyshpayev, M. Zhumabayev, Sh. Kudayberdiyev, S. Toraygyrov, X. Gabbasov. and X. Dosmukhamedova, etc.

The draft of the party program "Alash" consisted of ten paragraphs:

1) Form of government. The Russian Democratic Federal Republic, there is the president at the head of the democratic republic, elected for a certain time by parliament in front of whom (parliament) the cabinet is responsible.

2) Autonomy. All Kyrgyz areas have to be included in one autonomous unit, and the latest has to enter as a federal unit in the Russian Federation.

3) Basic rights of the citizen. All nationalities without distinction of religion and gender are equalized in the rights (a freedom of assembly, a freedom of choice, a freedom of speech, the press, integrity of human beings). Not to make arrest extrajudicially.

4) Question of religion. Separation of church from the state. All religions are equal in the law, i.e. no religious doctrine takes advantage before other religions.

Freedom of distribution of any religious doctrine, religion freedom of choice. Education of separate muftiat (dioceses) for Kyrgyzstan separately from the Tatars. Under the authority of mullahs (ecclesiastics) there is a marriage,

divorce, registration of births and death, and the affairs connected with bridewealth, heard in judicial authorities.

5) About courts. All citizens are equal in the law and equally use the protection of the law. Judicial investigating authorities are created in relation to living conditions of Kyrgyz people. Legal proceedings, pleading are conducted in a language of the majority of the population. The employees of judicial department have to know a language of local population. Judges use irremovability and judges have to wield authority. Big trials have to be heard with the assistance of jurors. Courts and volosts and auls are made on the basis of a common law of the Kyrgyz.

6) People’s defence. For the people’s defence must be army. The Kazakhs do their military service n the horse militia.

7) Taxes. In the field of taxes it is necessary to carry out progressive income tax.

8) Working question. The Alash party in a working question supports the program of social democrats (Mensheviks).

9) National education. General, free education in the native language. To open in Kyrgyzstan in Kyrgyz language secondary and higher educational institutions, the area of education has to be autonomous; learning option. To open libraries, reading rooms.

10) Land question. First of all the indigenous people have to be settled on the lands and henceforth, till final settlement of the Kyrgyz, to stop moving in in the Kyrgyz edge from the outside. And unsettled free areas and emancipated to provide to indigenous people.

In November, 1917 Kazakh socialist party Ush-Zhuz arises by the efforts of K. Togusov and his adherents. The first information on this party appeared in the Revolutionary idea newspaper (Omsk) on November 17, 1917. It reported: "The group of the Kyrgyz, not satisfied with the program of the national Kyrgyz party Alash, which was organized by the known cadet Bukeykhanov, organized special socialist party Ush-Zhuz, the party purpose is the association of the Turkic and Tatar tribe in Russia and the requirement of the federal organization of the Russian Republic. The party exposes the special list in the Constituent assembly".

In K. Togusov's performances of the period of November-December, 1917 judgments prevailed about Ush-Zhuz and Alash as about brotherly parties. The same idea is reflected in the first publications of Ush-Zhuz newspaper. But presence of own candidates of the Constituent assembly, pushing of contradictory parties to withdrawal from national to class tasks thoroughly corrected the political Ush-Zhuz line. The party leader K. Togusov declares that Ush-Zhuz becomes a party of the Soviet type and divides basic provisions of the party program of the left social revolutionary.

The Ush-zhuz position differed from a position of Alash party in three key problems: about character of the Kazakh autonomy; about land arrangement; about nature of religion and the state relationship. On the matter of the Kazakh areas autonomy Ush-zhuz supported their inclusion in Turkic Tatar federation. Ush-zhuz

opposed to municipalization of the land, offered by Alash, but theses of Ush-zhuz party didn't contain an alternative form of land management. The party saw a solution of the problem of religion and state relationship in creation of the code of laws on the basis of a common law and Sharia, having rejected thus rigid standards of the Koran. Besides, Ush-zhuz declared that adheres to a political platform of revolutionary socialists. Inconsistency and vagueness of party’s positions on other questions, in particular on national, were the reason of that it had no broad support among the population. Lack of an accurate political platform and a certain social base led to that Ush-zhuz broke up, without having managed to become serious political force.

On March 14, 1917 in the south of Kazakhstan Shuro-i-Islamiya organization ("Council of Islam supporters") was created, among them there were M. Abdurashidkhanov, M. Shokay, etc. The ideology of Shuro-i-Islamiya was based on an idea of consolidation of Turkic Muslim people and their achievements of national self-determination. Shuro-i-Islamiya is the Islamism and Tyurkizm organization. Islamists stood on positions of "pure Islam", and supporters of Tyurkizm differed by modernism and pragmatism. It led to that Shuro-i-Islamiya originally united these two directions, but three months later after its formation in June, 1917 "pure Islam" organization separated from Shuro-i-Ulema. Ulemists headed by the leader lawyer S. Lapin stood on positions "implementation of legitimate rights of Muslims on the self-determination, constructed on purely Muslim principles and Sharia origin"

3) The new socio and economic relations developing at the beginning of the XX century, socio and political situation, and also influence of Russian culture caused formation of new representatives of the national intellectuals - engineers, journalists, workers of secular education, etc. The number of the national intellectuals approximately at the beginning of the XX century was more than 900 people. As for a question of the general literacy in Kazakhstan at the beginning of the XX century: by one calculations, the general literacy of all population of Kazakhstan made 8 - 10%, by others - 18,5%. It should be noted that the colonial policy of tsarism first of all was directed on deliberate restriction of cultural and educational level of "natives". As there were not higher educational institutions in Kazakhstan, many Kazakhs studied at universities and institutes of Petersburg, Moscow and Kazan. At the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX centuries K. Dosmukhameduly, S. Aspandiyarov got higher medical education at the capital military academy, there were many graduates of medical faculties of Moscow, Kazan, Saratov, Tomsk, Kiev universities. Besides, the large number of the Kazakhs studied on legal, technical, etc. faculties of various higher education institutions of the country. Certain representatives of the Kazakh youth studied in higher education institutions of foreign countries. The Kazakh intellectuals of the beginning of the XX century were in the leading position in political and cultural and educational activity, mass media. It differed from the majority of the Central Asian elite by the European education got in Russian educational institutions, and

secular orientation that in the conditions of the sharpest staff deficit allowed the authorities to use this, more loyal and at the same time subacceptable, part of not numerous Muslim intellectuals. Besides, the authority and influence of the pre-revolutionary intellectuals in the 1920th remained indisputable for the Kazakh society, including for many national party and Soviet workers. Since the end of the 1920th political prosecutions of the Kazakh intellectuals suspected in "anti-Soviet conspiracy" to which all Kazakh elite – both fighting against the Bolshevism till 1920 and initially devoted to the new power underwent.

In the mid-twenties such poets and writers as M. Zhumabayev, Zh. Aymauytov, A. Baytursynov, M. Dulatov, etc. were accused of nationalism. Their political and literary activity was later the cause for their charge of anti-Soviet conspiracy and repressions. At the same time there was work on establishment of political control on creativity of "proletarian" writers and poets.

Thus, all layers of the Kazakh intellectuals were exposed to prosecutions. At the end of 1928 44 so-called "bourgeois nationalist" with false charge were arrested, and in September – October, 1930 – about 40 more people, 15 from them were soon banished in Central Chernozem area. Later, in 1937-1938, People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs fabricated the new case which united practically all the groups of the Kazakh intellectuals, related to political life of the region till 1917 and in the years of revolution, Civil war, and also in the 20-30es, scientific, art, pedagogical, technical etc.

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