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Theme 3. Kazakhstan in the period of the Mongol invasion



 

 

1. The sources on the history of the Mongols. Historiography of the history of the Mongols.

2. Kazakhstan in the period of the Mongol invasion. “Otrar catastrophe". The formation of the Mongolian uluses.

3. Kazakhstan in the structure of the Golden Horde

 

 

1) Аs it is known, the numerous sources exist on the one of interesting period of the world history –a period of the Mongol invasion in XIII-XIV cc.

A very important source on the history of the Mongols, early history of Mongol state, about the personality of Genghis khan is “The Secret history of Mongols”. The French historian Rene Grusse believes, that this source was written probably in 1252 (The year of a Mouse). This source was translated into a few languages. For example, into Russian, English, French, German, Spain, Check, Bulgar, Chinese and modern Mongolian language.

The source gives more detailed interesting and important information about the history of the Mongols, Mongol state, about activity of Genghis khan and Ugedei khan.

Next important source is “The collection of chronicles” by Rashid ad-Din. His work was written in Persian. The source consists of the three parts. The first partdevotedto the history of the Mongols and the Turkics. The second part is about the history of well known states and nations of the world including India, China, Europe and etc. There existed the third part, which was not remained.

Next important source is “Genghis khan, history of a conqueror of the world” by Juvayni. The source reported about Jasa, that is about laws of Genghis khan, about coming to the power of Genghis khan, about Genghis khan’s sons, about invasion trips of Genghis khan and some others.

Next important source is “History of the Mongols and journey to Mongolia by John of Plano Karpini and William of Rubruck”. The authors of this source give more detailed information about a state system and customs of the Mongols, about situation in the period of the Mongol invasion in Rus, Deshti Qipchaq and etc.

Also Chinese sources gave a more detailed information.

History of Mongol Empire is a whole epoch of the world history, and its founder Genghis khan, an extraordinary personality, conquering the half of the world. Genghis khan’s empire was a phenomenon, an event of world importance and so the problems of Mongol state’s formation, the history of Mongol empire, the personality of Genghis khan were studied by the scientists, historians on a world scale. As the professor, the author of the numerous works on the history of

 

 


 

the Mongol empire Z. Kinajatuly pointed out “The historiography, which devoted to the biography of the Genghis khan exceed 800 titles”.

It is known, that the history of Mongol empire was interpretated ambiguously by the historians of different times. Some authors, glorified the historical role of Genghis khan and at the same time imputed all positive in the history of nations of Central Asia by the Mongols. The other authors in opposite ignored all positive in the history of Mongol state, and Genghis khan and his successors defined as barbarians, destructors, who left after themselves only ruins and chaos. The historians such as P.Pelio, To Zhi, P.Rachnevsky, V.Barthold, B. Vladimirov, Maiski and etc. consider the history of Mongol empire and activity of its founder – Genghis khan dividing it into two main periods. Particularly this approach to the history of Mongol empire affirmed as a conception in the historical science in the Soviet period.

According to this conception in the first period which finished in 1206, Genghis khan introduced defined contribution to the concern consolidation of the Mongols and creation of the first Mongol state. In the second period – which started after 1206 and adopted aggressive type from 1211, it played a negative role. These two periods, however, cannot cover the history of the Mongols broadly which ruled by Genghis khan because Mongol empire exacted after the finishing of invasions. During this period the historical, creative role of the Genghis khan’s successors started. The uluses which were created by the successor of Genghis khan introduced to the world new orders, the basis of many national states were created.

Nowadays some historians including Z. Kinajatuly suggest new conceptions on the history of Kazakhstan in the Mongol period. And this conception is defined as a new period in the Mongol epoch – “Kazakhstan in the Mongol period, struggles of the Genghis khan’s successors for creation of separate Kazakh state”.

2)By the middle of the XII- at the beginning of the XIII cc. on the territory of Central Asia (contemporary Mongolia) different nomadic Turkic -speaking and Mongol tribes such as the Oirats, the Merkits, the Tatars, the Mongols, the Naimans, the Kereits and etc. settled (nearly 20 tribal union). In this period the internal war, the struggle for the power for supremacy was strengthening between these tribes. An important source on the history of the Mongols “The secret history of the Mongols” reports about these events “…Star sky turned over. There was a nation conflict. Nobody went to bed. Everybody was robbing each other…”

In that situation on the historical arena appeared the person, who influenced on the fate of many nations and countries. It was a son of the Yesukei bakhadur – Temujin, from the Mongols clan, which called – the Borjigin.

By 1206 Temujin had subordinated all nomadic tribes of Mongolia.

In 1206 in the upper of the Onon river Temujin called Great meeting – Kurultai. In this Kurultai creation of Mongol state was proclaimed. And Temujin took the title “Genghis khan”, which meant a “Universal ruler”. The formation of

 

 


 

Mongol state was a progressive event for this period. The formation of Mongol state determined the end for internal war between the Mongol tribes.

The principle of the military organization was put in a basis of the state created by Genghis Khan. All the territory and the population of the country are divided into 3 military and administrative districts: right wing (barungar), left wing (zhungar) and center (gol). Each district divided into tumens, consisting of ten thousand people, and each "one thousand" - from ten "hundreds", the latter - from ten "tens". The military administrative system played an important role in further aggressive campaigns.

In the winter of 1207 - 1208 Genghis khan's oldest son Juji captured Yenisei Kyrgyzs and other "forest people" of the south of Siberia. In 1207 - 1209 Genghis khan's army, making devastating attacks, subordinated the Uyghurs living in the territory of modern East Turkestan. In 1211 he with a large number of armies made a campaign to Northern China, took Beijing and other cities. In these and further campaigns Genghis Khan adhered to bloody tactics of destruction of peace people, destruction of the cities, settlements, agricultural oases.

In 1211 Genghis khan started Eastern trip. During this trip he defeated Tangut state Thi Thja, captured western China and the capital Chinju (Beijin).

In 1219 Genghis khan started western trip. The cause was “Otrar catastrophe”.

Genghis khan attached great value to a campaign to Kazakhstan and Central Asia as the way to Eastern Europe and Forward Asia opened from here. He carefully prepared for this campaign. His reason for invasion was so-called "Otrar catastrophe". Genghis khan in the summer of 1218 for the purpose of, mainly, military investigation sends the caravan consisting of 500 camels loaded with goods to Central Asia. Together with Mongols-spies there were 450 people. On the way the caravan stopped in Otrar. The governor of Otrar Gair khan suspected the merchants of espionage then ordered to kill them and to plunder a caravan. It was the cause for Genghis Khan to start a war against Khoresm, but the true reason, of course, was aggressive policy of a ruling heads of Mongols.

By the beginning of the war Genghis khan collected big force and in September 1219 his 120 - 150 thousand army moved from the banks of the Irtysh where he spent summer, to the west through Zhetysu. When approaching Otrar the leader of Mongols divided the forces. Some Tumens led by sons Shagatay and Ugedey left for Otrar's siege, other part led by Juji sent down the Syr-Darya to Dzhend and Yangikent, the third group was appointed for conquest of the cities on headwaters of the Syr-Darya, Genghis khan and his younger son Tuluy with the main forces went to Bukhara.

Khorezmshakh Mahomed, the governor of the state of Khorezm, had no war plan, besides he was indecisive, didn't trust the military leaders, doomed the armies to passive defense. War revealed internal weakness of the state of Horezmshakh.

People actively fought against Genghis khan’s army, firmly and courageously protecting lands, not wishing to reconcile to a fate, prepared to them

 


 

by conquerors. Especially striking example of heroism showed Otrar's inhabitants, five months of resisting to 10-thousand group thrown onto this city. Otrar's defense represents one of the bright pages of heroic fight of the people of Kazakhstan and Central Asia against the Mongolian conquerors. The governor of Otrar Gair khan protected desperately, to the utmost. Otrar's siege proceeded five months. On an outcome of the fifth month of heroic defense of Karadzha - hadjib, shortly before a siege sent by Horezmshakh to help Gair khan with the 10 thousand group, lost courage, and, having secretly left the city through gate of "Sufi Khan", surrendered with the army to Mongols. According to the sentence of princes of Shagatay and Ugedey he was sent together with the trusted for execution for betrayal. But Mongols managed to rush into the city and, having expelled from the city its inhabitants, "as if herds of rams", began general robbery.

However Otrar persistently defended itself Gair khan together with 20 thousand "similar to lions" daredevils sat down at a citadel for which capture Mongols needed one more month. When the citadel was taken, Gair khan continued to show resistance, having risen to a building roof. Unarmed he threw bricks onto the enemies which slaves gave him "from a palace wall”. When there were no bricks left, Mongols who had the order to take the governor as a prisoner alive, surrounded it and tied.

Having destroyed the fortress and having razed its walls to the ground, Shagatay and Ugedey together with the crowds of captured inhabitants of Otrar and neighboring auls in February 1220 joined Genghis khan, when he was on a way between Bukhara and Samarkand, and delivered him live Gair khan. Genghis khan ordered to melt silver and pour it into his ears and eyes.

3)The western trip of Genghis khan lasted for 5 years. As a result of western trip the Mongol army conquered the territory of Kazakhstan, Middle Asia, Khurasan, Afghanistan, Northern India, Northern Iran, Southern region of Rus.

Consequently, the territory of Kazakhstan and Middle Asia entered into the structure of Mongol empire.

The author of ‘The collection of chronicler’ Rashid ad-Din claims that Genghis khan had approximately 500 wives and concubines. But only 5 of these were main ones. The most respectful was the first wife Borde. Children from Borde had special rights and privileges. Four sons, who we know were from Borde. The territory of the Kazakhstan Genghis khan divided between three sons of Borde.

The territory of Kazakhstan entered into the structure of three Mongolian uluses.

The most part of steppe spaces of the north of the country and the areas from the upper reacher of the Irtysh to Alakul lake and farther to west to Or and Syr-Darya rivers enterd Juji’s ulus.

Southern and Southeast Kazakhstan entered Shagatay’s ulus. Also ulus included East Turkestan and Maverannahr.

 

 


 

Northeast Kazakhstan was a part of Ugedey’s ulus, which included the territory of western Mongolia, the areas of the upper Irtysh and Tarbagatai.

Genghis khan’s hordes were carried by all-destroying avalanche on steppes, the cities and rural lands. War is always an extreme and how madly cruel can be people in war — tens of thousands of inhabitants are carried away in non-existence, destinies of hundreds thousands people are crippled, fruits of a constructive labor of many generations of people are dispelled in ashes, shrines are trampled. Qipchaq and Khorezm, Maverannahr and Khurasan’s sons are shocked. About those events Muslim historian Ibn-al-Asir, Genghis Khan’s contemporary, wrote the following: "If one said that since Allah all-powerful and supreme created a human being, till the present the world didn't test anything similar, he would be right!" It is valid, chronicles don't contain anything similar to it.

Historians have recognized for a long time that the Mongolian invasion to Central Asia was furious war of aggression, especially differing with its extreme aggression and bloodshed. There are enough facts in the history about its cruelty and there are many cases of "general slaughter" especially at a capture of the cities. Especially Persian and Arab historians (Ibn al-Asir, Juvayni, Zhuzdzhani, An-Nesevi, etc.) represent Genghis khan unusually cruel man. Yes, all this is a fact. Undoubtedly, it is impossible to justify acts of Genghis khan. Also it is impossible to justify made one after another mistakes by Mohammed sultan and his entourage in the period of the Mongolian gains.

3) The sources on the history of the Golden Horde are of considerable quantity. They were written in many languages – in Russian, Armenian, Greek, Mongol, Chinese, Czeck, Arabian, Turkiс, Persian and etc.

In addition to the narrative sources that is the historical chronicles, the recordings of travelers, there are surviving documents in the form of the khans’ labels, official letters, and also archaeological information in the form of memorials of the material culture and arts.

An important source for studying of the Mongol invasion in South Kazakhstan and Middle Asia is “Genghis khan. History of the world conqueror” by Al-Malik Juvayni. The author personally visited Turkestan, Uiguria, Mongolia. Juvayni reports about siege of the Otrar, about ulusus of the Juji, Shaghatay and Ugedey.

“The collection of Chronicler” by Rashid ad-Din is the most important source on the history of the Mongols and Turkic nations of the XII-XIII cc.

The second volume “The collection of chronicler” contains the information on the ethnic structure of the tribes, toponymy, historical geography, political history of Kazakhstan of the period of its entering in the structure of Mongolian uluses, and etc.

A lot of data on the social and economic, political development of Juji ulus in world historical science were taken from the works of European authors – Plano Karpini, Willian Rubruck and Marco Polo, written during their trips to the

 

 


 

headquarters of the Great Mongol khan: Plano Karpini – 1245-1247, Willian Rubruck – 1253-1255, Marco Polo – at the end of the XIII century.

Source studying significance of European travelers data stipulated with the fact that their traveling to Mongolia was by no means accidental at all, but were a purposeful political action: the goal of the travelers was collecting as more data of very diverse character about military, economic and social and political structure of the Mongol Empire as possible.

Studying the history of the Golden Horde started as early as in the beginning of XIX c. the Russian historian A.M.Shlezer brought up a problem to discuss the great urgency and necessity of studying “Mongol” period in the Russian history. In Russian Academy of Sciences in 1808 raised the question about nominate special prize for working up of the history of the Golden Horde.

This project reappeared in 1826, when in connection with centenary of the Russian Academy of Sciences there was announced a contest for creation of special research about consequences of the Golden Horde’s yoke for Rus “What consequences the rule of the Mongols had in Russia and, namely what influence it had on the policy of the state, way of ruling, and internal ruling of it and education of the people”.

Unfortunately, the first academy contest of 1826 did not give essential results. Although at the end of 20-es XIX c. a several articles were published (K. D’Osson, V.Grigorev), consecrating this problem.

The Russia Academy of Sciences announced a contest to bring up the problem on the Mongol invasion of the Eastern Europe and the history of the Golden Horde for the second time.

In 1835 extensive research work of the German orientalist Joseph von Hammer –Purgstall was presented to Academy of Sciences, but his work did not meet approval. As the members of the Academy commission pointed out “The research of the Hammer is superficial , there were not enough Russian sources, made mistakes in the chronology, distortion of personal names and place-names”. This work was published abroad in 1839.

The monographic studies on the history of the Golden Horde belong to Russian historians, orientalists.

Russian orientalists took up careful studying of separate problems of the Mongolian state, Juji’s ulus and Golden Horde.

Among them there are Russian orientalists of the XIX c., such as J.N.Berezin, who put into scientific circulation the khans’ labels, works of Eastern’s authors as Rashid ad-Din, Juvayni, Abulgazy and etc. Also the works of N.I.Kostomarov can be pointed out, who affirmed “in the Tatar slavery Rus found its unity, which they had thought about in the period of the freedom. By the opinion of I.N.Kostomarov “The Tatar’s invasion stimulated the Rus to the monarchy”.

The historiography of the Golden Horde increased with new researches in the Soviet period.

 


 

A huge important contribution to the research of the Mongol invasion and Golden Horde was made by the historians of the second half 30-es XX c.

Among these works, consecrating to the social and economic history of the Mongols, the monograph of B.Y.Vladimirthov. B.Y.Vladimirthov determined social structure of the Mongols as original form of feudalism – “nomadic feudalism”, economic basis which was feudal property to the grassland.

An important monograph on the history of Golden Horde belongs to B.O. Grekov and A.I.Yakubowski “Golden Horde”, was published in 1937. This research is in fact the first resumptive work on history of the Golden Horde. The monograph consists of the three parts. The first part “The formation and development of the Golden Horde in the XIII-XIVcc.” – 8 chapters, the second part “the Golden Horde and Russia” – 7 chapters and third part “Collapse of the Golden Horde”- 5 chapters.

As we can see the monograph covers all history of the Golden Horde, from the Mongol invasion, the formation of the Golden Horde and the collapse of Golden Horde.

Multitude works on the history of the Golden Horde were published. Among them the researches of M.G.Safargaliev, N.L. Yegorov, G.F. Feodorov- Davidov and other researchers. They studied the problems of economy, social structure, political history, historical geography of the Golden Horde.

In connection with the death of Juji in 1227, his successor Batu came to the power (Batu is the second son of Juji).

According to the “Turkic’s family tree” of Abulgazy “On hearing about the death of Juji Genghis khan grieved and declare mouming. He asked Otchugin to set off to the Deshti Qipchaq and to proclaim the second son of Juji – Batu as a khan.

Everybody unanimously recognized the power of Batu. Rashid ad-Din wrote about this event “Orda, supporting the decision of Genghis khan, throned Batu himself on their father’s place”.

In 1227 Genghis khan died. But death of Genghis khan did not change the policy of his successors. They made every effort to fulfill the will of the founder of dynasty – to capture new lands. At the Kurultai of the Mongol’s elite (aristocracy) a decision was taken about a military campaign to Eastern Europe. In 1236-1242 the western campaign of Mongols took place.

As a result of western campaign the Mongols came up to Eastern Europe – to the Danube river. Mongol’s troop captured Poland, Luthuania, Czeck, Hungary, Caucasia, and Crimea.

After the campaigns Batu returned to the Volga stepps and had established the Golden Horde. Until 1269 the Golden Horde was a member of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire included the Golden Horde, Shagatay’s state and Ulus of Tulyi. The Golden Horde appeared at the turn of the Europe and Asia. Its position determined its role and significance in the life of the Eurasian continent. The capital was Sarai-Batu (near contemporary Astrakhan), then it moved to the

 


 

Sarai-Berke. Batu khan founded powerful, greatest steppes state of the Middle Ages.

The population of the Golden Horde varied. The Mongols were minor, main bulk of Mongols remained in Mongolia. The bulk of the population of the Golden Horde were Turkic nations, Qipchaqs-polovez of Kazakhstan, Povolzh’e, Prichernomor’e, inhabitants of Khorezm, Volga Bulgaria, the Russian Principality which was conquered by Mongols.

After finishing western campaign to the Eastern Europe, Batu decided to share the Horde between his brothers, who participated in these campaigns Orda Edzhen and Shaiban. The Northeastern of the Zhetysu, vast region of the pool Irtysh, the steppes of the Ulytau and Karatau entered into the Orda Ezhen’s ulus. Actually from the middle XIIIc. Orda Ezhen’s ulus was independent state, which is called in the Eastern sources as Ak Horde. Abulgazy reports about Shaibanids ulus “To west from his ulus, that is vast space between foothills Ural and the Tobol, the Zhaik, the Irgiz Rivers in the summer, in the pool Aral Sea, the Shu, the Sarisu and lower of the Syr-Darya rivers in the winter”.

Afer the death of Batu, Berke camе to the power (1257-1266) –the third son of Juji. Under Berke the golden horde finally separated from Mongol Empire. A new capital of the Golden Horde was Sarai Berke (on the Volga, above Sarai Batu, not far from of the contemporary Volgagrad). He started more intensed town-planning. Berke khan engaged the scientists, poets, theologians, craftsmen and merchants from Iran, Egypt, Khorezm. Aloud trade and diplomatic relations enlived with eastern countinent.

 

 

 




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