Theme 11. Sovereign Kazakhstan

1. Political reforms in Kazakhstan. 2. Economic reforms.

3. Entry of RK into the world community.

4. Nursultan Nazarbayev – the first president of RK, the Leader of the Nation.

1) The declaration on the state sovereignty of the republic was proclaimed on October 25, 1990. It started the process of getting real independence for Kazakhstan.

On December 16, 1991 the parliament of the republic voted for adoption of the Constitutional Law "About the state independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan". Thus, the world community replenished with the new independent state. With this historical document the Republic of Kazakhstan was proclaimed as the independent democratic state which possesses the Supreme right concerning the territory and national wealth, independently defines and pursues the domestic and foreign policy, builds the relationship with all states on the basic principles of international law. It is very important that the citizens of the Republic of all nations united by a community of historical destiny with the Kazakh nation, make together with it the uniform people of Kazakhstan which is the carrier of the sovereignty and a source of state power.

Formation of Kazakhstan as an independent state put on the agenda as an urgent task acceptance of new state symbols. On June 4, 1992 the State Emblem and the Flag, on December 11 - the National Anthem of Kazakhstan were approved.

On January 28, 1993 the first Constitution of independent Kazakhstan was adopted, which declared the Republic as the secular, democratic and unitary state, providing the equal rights to all the citizens. Integrity, indivisibility and inviolability of its territories were emphasized. The government in the Republic of Kazakhstan is based on the principle of its division into legislative, executive and judicial; the people of Kazakhstan are admitted as the only source of the government. The Republic of Kazakhstan recognizes the person, his life, freedom and the independence, inalienable rights as the supreme value and carries out the activity in interests of the citizen and society.

Continuation of the reforms of political system led to adoption of the second Constitution on August 30, 1995, the highest legislature was delegated to the two-chamber parliament consisting of the senate (two deputies from each area) and Mazhilis (67 deputies). In the first article of the Constitution Kazakhstan proclaimed itself as "the democratic, secular, constitutional and social state which supreme values are the person, his life, the rights and freedoms". The Republic of Kazakhstan declared itself as the unitary state with a presidential government. The only source of the government in the country is the people. The ideological and political variety was declared in the new constitution. Property problems were also considered from new positions - two forms of ownership are declared in the basic law, it is private and state. In the process of formation of Kazakhstan as the sovereign state, multi-party system became the natural phenomenon of social development in the republic. Political movements and parties - Socialist party, Republican Party of Kazakhstan and party "The national congress of Kazakhstan "Azat", "Unity", "Adilet", etc. become real political force. Political life of the country as in a mirror, is reflected in further development of a multi-party system. Internal political evolution is resulted by collision of various directions, the ratio of forces changes. Among leaders of a multi-party system of RK it is possible to name a number of parties: "Otan", "Nur-Otan", "Aul", "Party of patriots", "Communist party of Kazakhstan", "Joint stock company Zhol", "Azat", All-republican Social Democratic Party.

One of the most important problems, which needed the urgent decision, was the question of further development of Kazakh and other languages in Kazakhstan. Currently in the republic there is a real variety of the languages, over a hundred languages of the people, ethnic groups of the country are inadequate on the volume of functions carried out by them. Despite of the taken measures, 1990 and the beginning of the 2000 it was not possible to realize the state status of the Kazakh language fully.

Current situation dictated adoption on July 11, 1997 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "About languages". The Kazakh language became a state language (i.e. the language of the state self-government, the legislation, legal proceedings and office-work). In the state organizations and local governments Russian language is officially used on an equal basis with Kazakh language. The status of the state Kazakh language is supported with the mechanism which

provides its universal studying and use, office-work and office. Together with it Russian language is still fully used in all spheres of life, including as official language of international communication.

The correct language policy is a guarantee of stability, international consent and the civil world. According to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev, "... specifics of multinational Kazakhstan have huge advantage. Friendship of the people is not only the main property, but also our belief, our hope. It is a right way of development and the Kazakh nation, and all people of the republic".

2) Kazakhstan met great difficulties in carrying out economic reforms within the country. For years of the Soviet power the largest in the USSR raw materials mining and fuel and energy industry was created here. It predetermined specifics of interrelations with other regions of the country. Kazakhstan made more than a half of all types of non-ferrous metals of the country, approximately the fifth part of the coal, more than 90% of the phosphorus, more than 90% of the chromeplated ores, million tons of wheat. In structure of taken-out production of the republic there were 70% of raw materials, 12% - semi-finished products. At a boundary of the 1980es - the 90es the situation in economy of Kazakhstan was better, than as a whole about the country. However it was necessary to state deterioration of an economic situation and decrease in a standard of living of the population of the republic. From the middle of the 90es in Kazakhstan rates of a social production began to fall. Crisis in the sphere of production of goods was aggravated with frustration of finance and monetary circulation, strengthening of inflationary processes.

The law "About Property" adopted on December 15, 1990, for the first time declared a sole property of Kazakhstan on the land and other natural resources. In the other law "About Privatization" the question of property was defined more specifically: "All national wealth which is available on the territory of the republic is considered to be its property and it included into republic jurisdiction". Thus, one of the most important problems of the sovereign state economy as a problem of state ownership was solved.

The economic reform which is carried out in Kazakhstan, provided cardinal change of structure of management by economy, location, functions and roles of bodies of the state.

For acceleration of market structure formation there was developed the program of privatization which included the list of the objects which are subject to prime privatization, and of the state property forms of sale.

Privatization process in Kazakhstan was carried out at the same time with the reform of taxation, pricing, compensation and bank policy. In line with policy of market structure formation much attention began to be paid to development of small business, destruction of exclusive structures.

The law on freedom of economic activity and business development in the republic defines the main legal, economic and social conditions and the guarantees

providing freedom to business activity of citizens and legal entities at implementation of the rights of owners.

Implementation of the Law on restriction of the monopolistic activity which main objective is turning on the mechanisms of market regulation, stimulations of free competition, business and protection of consumer interests in the republic is of great importance.

Kazakhstan in January, 1992 declared liberalization of the prices on the territory, got the first ingot of gold, having laid thereby the foundation to accumulation of the gold reserves. According to the decision of the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in November 15, 1993 the national currency – tenge//16, 34//was entered. It had enormous economic and political value. Transition of Kazakhstan to national currency allowed the republic to continue a course of social and economic reforms already as to the independent and sovereign state.

Thus, the main economic tendencies of the modern period are characterized by further development of the market relations: economy privatization, privatization, business development, demonopolization, free pricing, implementation of tough monetary and credit and financial policy, regulation of inflation rates. However the anti-inflationary course leads to falling of production and to unemployment growth. In 1991-1999 decline in production proceeded, at the industrial enterprises the acute shortage of own current assets was felt, investment activity decreased. The profit inavailable did not cover tax obligations to the state, mutual payments between the adjacent enterprises and debts on a salary to workers.

Decline in production of consumer goods, especially, in branches of light industry proceeded. These processes were accompanied by unemployment growth. The hope for growth of foreign investments was insignificant as there was an obvious tendency to investment, generally raw branches for preservation of own natural resources.

In agriculture of Kazakhstan there was large-scale transformation of state farms and collective farms, change of ownership forms and the status of the agroenterprises, formation of a new type of a worker - the owner, entitled to work freely with means of production and the income. But formation of new forms of ownership realized in difficult financial and economic conditions. The difficult economic situation of agricultural producers was caused by a rupture of the developed economic communications, growth of a disproportion of the prices in barter between agriculture and the industry, inflation, a budget deficit, reduction of public financing, rise in price of credit resources. As a result there was a catastrophic situation in agriculture of Kazakhstan.

Agricultural production became unprofitable, the number of unprofitable enterprises increased dramatically. Specific weight of the unprofitable state agricultural enterprises in total of agroformations only in 1996 made 70%, and further this process amplified.

As a result, the economy could develop production only due to expensive loans. Continued delays in payment of agricultural production delivered on account of a state order exacerbated the situation, which led to a depreciation of the received funds. In the conditions of progressing inflation, especially in 1992 -1998, the agricultural enterprises appeared on the verge of bankruptcy. However, despite all the difficulties which Kazakhstan endured at the present stage, the republic has opportunities to correct the economic situation. Thus, in 2000 there were some signs of the general stabilization. The main are delay of inflation rates and a certain improvement of financial state of the economy.

It is very important that among long-term priorities the President noted development of means of communication and a communication network. Today the Republic of Kazakhstan faces a problem of creation, first of all, own independent and effective system of telecommunication services, competitive in the future with similar infrastructures of the developed countries of the world. The today's condition of telecommunications of Kazakhstan, despite the sufficient density of lines in comparison with other countries, becomes a serious economic problem.

2001 is the year of a decade of republic independence. The problem facing our country for a long time consisted in surviving as the independent state in difficult conditions of a rough transition period. Kazakhstan with honor coped with this problem - despite difficulties, we left chaos and disorder depths. Now transition to a stabilization stage began. According to the President, "additional forces and confidence give us saved up in the hardest conditions experience of statehood creation, carrying out political and economic reforms, knowledge of the world and its development, tolerance and understanding of Kazakhstan citizens".

The main directions of economic development of the country in 2000 is ensuring independence through creation of joint ventures with foreign multinational corporations, opening domestic market for foreign investors as a guarantee of protection of the country in the geopolitical center of Eurasia. Development of a raw complex of the country is an economic priority of the country, as a priority its technical modernization is put. Creation of free economic zones has to become additional incentive of economic development and attraction of foreign investments. Support of small and medium business, creation of an open banking financial system and pension accumulative funds have to promote accumulation of additional available funds for further development of economy.

3) Having become the independent state, Kazakhstan in the autumn of 1992 carried out the world kurultai of the Kazakhs which brought together the representatives of the 10-million Kazakh people from 13 countries of the world. The big role in consolidation of society and strengthening of friendship of the people was played by the Forum of the people of Kazakhstan held in December, 1992. In the speech Nazarbayev especially emphasized need of preservation of good feelings of the people occupying Kazakhstan, creations of reliable legal guarantees for cultural development, language, and customs.

Kazakhstan as the independent state was recognized by many countries of the world. On March 2, 1992 the Republic of Kazakhstan became the full member of the United Nations, having assumed obligations for strict implementation of the Charter of the UN. Kazakhstan declared that, recognizing a priority of the rights and the personal freedom fixed in the universal declaration of human rights, will adequately seek to enter the world community. Kazakhstan became the member of the Organization for safety and cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International bank of reconstruction and development (MRRB), the World Bank (WB), the International association of development, Multilateral agency of guarantees and investments, the International Center for settlement of investment disputes, World Health Organization and a number of other international organizations.

The president of the Republic of Kazakhstan, N. A. Nazarbayev, signed the Lisbon protocol in 1992 and declared that Kazakhstan becomes the territory, free from the nuclear weapon. It solved a problem of vulnerability of the country near nuclear powers. Official nuclear powers of the world gave guarantees of safety of RK, having signed "The memorandum of safety of RK". Closing of the Semipalatinsk nuclear range, dismantle and export of the nuclear weapon allowed positioning RK as the peaceful nuclear-free state.

RK chose the principle of multivector foreign policy orientation on the basis of which RK established the bilateral relations with many countries of the world, among which Russia and China, CIS countries, the European Union, the USA, the country of the Middle East, South East Asia.

Thus, Kazakhstan for years of entering into the world community proved as the open and authoritative state of Central Asia integrated into the international and regional systems of safety and cooperation. Recognition of Kazakhstan in this quality by the world community is the presidency of RK in OSCE in 2010.

4) Even during the collapse of the USSR Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev was the first secretary of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Kazakhstan from June, 1989. On April 24, 1990 in the republic the post of the President Kazakh SSR is established. At the session of the Supreme Council of the republic the first President of KAZSSR N. A. Nazarbayev was elected.

After collapse of the USSR and formation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the process of strengthening of the sovereignty of Kazakhstan, the need for national election of the President of the Republic grew. The Supreme Council decided to hold elections on December 1, 1991. It was the first national elections of the head of the state. The law on presidential elections" was adopted and N. A. Nazarbayev's candidate was proposed for this position. 8788726 people or 88.23% took part in elections. 8681276 voters or 98.78% voted for N. A. Nazarbayev. On December 10, 1991 in Alma-Ata inauguration of the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - N. A. Nazarbayev took place.

On April 29, 1995 in the republic there was the national referendum which prolonged a term of ruling of the President N. Nazarbayev till December 1, 2000.

Deterioration of macroeconomic indicators and threat of a new round of crisis led to that the President took an unprecedented step - declared abdication and new elections. The elections which were held on January 10, 1999 showed that the most part of the people of Kazakhstan supports present policy of the state and a course on reforms. For the first time in the history of Kazakhstan presidential elections took place on an alternative basis and N. Nazarbayev won, having received 79.78% of the votes.

On December 4, 2005 N. A. Nazarbayev was again elected as the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, having received 91.15% of the votes.

Political reforms in RK were not complete of and assume further improvement of structure of the government, executive power, reforming of the legislation, administrative and political division of the state.

Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev went down in history of sovereign Kazakhstan as the first President of RK who has made an invaluable contribution to formation and development of our state. Political and economic reforms are connected with his name in the country, successful realization of Strategy - 2030, a preservation of peace and consent in multiethnic and polyconfessional RK, formation and blossoming of the new capital of Kazakhstan - Astana. On the world scene Kazakhstan took place of a young, but already recognizable state with the peace-loving multilateral foreign policy, voluntary refused from the nuclear weapon, offering new initiatives of mechanisms of collective security in Asia – SVMDA supporting regional integration. These efforts of the president of RK N. A. Nazarbayev are highly appreciated by the leaders of the world community.

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