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Theme 10. Kazakhstan in the years of Reorganization



 

 

1. Democratization of the Soviet society and collapse of the USSR. 2. Economic transformation in the USSR and its consequence.

3. Political parties and social movements in Kazakhstan.

 

 

1) From the middle of 80es the phenomena of deep economic and political crisis started accruing in the USSR. Mass discontent was caused by the taken root practice of business management, incompetence and moral degradation of the country leaders. The critical publications characterizing the life in the country began to appear overseas. The authors of these works, as a rule, were the people who left or have been violently sent from the country, and also the dissidents who have remained there. "Samizdat" literature enjoys wide popularity. In working class, the peasantry, in the environment of the intellectuals, even in the hearts of the most party staff, there was the understanding of that it is impossible to live in this way further.

The first attempt to leave crisis was made in 1982-1983 by Andropov Yu.V. Leaning on drastic administrative measures, the plunge towards weakening of the ideological doctrines blocking possibility of serious reforms was taken; ways to freedom the social thought are carefully opened. His persistence in discipline and order, targeting eradication of corruption, engendered hope in mass consciousness to the future changes. The serious illness of the Secretary General didn't give the chance to finish the outlined course. Deviation designated under K.U. Chernenko (1983-1985) from any transformations couldn't turn the country off reform route.

In March, 1985 M. S. Gorbachev becomes the secretary general of the Central Committee of CPSU. The adopted policy on acceleration of social and economic development gave great hope. Radical restructurings were required; reorganization was purposely proclaimed. The decisions of January and June (1987) Plenums of the Central Committee of CPSU started the reorganization, the XIX party conferences (June-July, 1988). The reorganization program of economic system, reform of political system was defined - all completeness of the power was transferred to Councils, mechanisms of civil society, the constitutional state are

 


 

formed. But thus it was not considered that for long decades CPSU was a core round which economic and political life was formed. Therefore fast elimination of party from the management without the corresponding preparatory work led to loss of controllability of the country. Resistance of democratic and conservative forces became sharply aggravated; there is friction due to the need of signing of a new allied contract. Democratization and publicity lifted such a wave of political, national, religious and other problems which overflowed the country. The power showed absolute helplessness, lack of will and apathy. Baltic republics, Transcaucasia, Russia and Ukraine conduct active policy on collapse of the Soviet Union.

Crisis of the Center was leading to the growth of an initiative of local leaders, mainly national, occasionally nationalist character. All this became the breeding ground of so-called "parade of sovereignties". RSFSR was the first to speak about the sovereignty, and practical steps in this direction were taken by the Baltic republics. On October 25, 1990 Kazakhstan adopts the Declaration on the state sovereignty of Kazakhstan, proclaiming domination of republican laws over the allied

Sovereignty, as a whole, accelerated the course of democratic processes in Kazakhstan which among other republics began to make opposition to the center. At the initiative of Kazakhstan bilateral contracts were signed with Russia, Ukraine and Belarus and other republics recognizing the sovereignty of each other, the developed borders establishing the mutually beneficial economic relations. In December, 1990 four republics, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan, took the initiative of creation of the Union of the sovereign states. Work on the formation of working bodies began. However the tendencies to collapse of the USSR were stronger, centrifugal forces of the republics amplified sharply; Ukraine, Azerbaijan declared creation of the armies. The president of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev issued the Decree "About Formation of Security Council Kazakh SSR", and then -"About transition of the state enterprises and organizations of allied submission to the government Kazakh SSR", "About creation of gold reserves and diamond fund in Kazakh SSR", "About ensuring independence of foreign economic activity of Kazakh SSR". Besides, by the Decree of the President of the republic Semipalatinsk test nuclear range was closed. These documents put an end to dictatorship of allied departments.

Eight republics signed the Contract on economic community on October 18. But this contract actually was not carried out. Disintegration of the Union increased. On November 14, 1991 in Novo-Ogareva seven republics declared intention to create SSG. However it did not take place.

The difficult processes happening in all republics, powerlessness of allied forms of the power led to signing by the heads of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine the Agreement on creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) on December 8, 1991 in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. In this agreement it was proclaimed that the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics as the subject of

 


 

international law stopped the existence. Three states united in the CIS and invited to enter the commonwealth of the new states of the former USSR.

On December 13, 1991 the heads of Central Asia and Kazakhstan gathered in Ashkhabad and declared support of the decisions made in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. At the initiative of the President of Kazakhstan, on December 20, 1991 the heads of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan gathered in Alma-Ata to discuss the questions connected with creation of the CIS.

On December 21, 1991 the Declaration on the final termination of the USSR existence was adopted, the important agreement on joint efforts concerning the nuclear weapon was reached. This agreement was signed by the leaders of Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, i.e. the country owning the nuclear weapon. The participating states undertook jointly to develop policy on nuclear questions, to ensure collective safety of all the subjects of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

On December 25 M. Gorbachev signed the decree about removal of the Supreme the Commander-in-chief functions and declared the resignation from a post of the President of the USSR. In the same evening the red flag of the USSR was lowered from a flagstaff over the Grand Kremlin Palace. On December 26, 1991 one of two chambers of the Supreme Council of the former USSR which managed to be collected, the Council of the Republics adopted the formal Declaration on the termination of the USSR existence.

2) The course basis on acceleration of social and economic development was made by technical progress, modernization of mechanical engineering and activation of a human factor. Such turn was extremely necessary since in the last quarter of the XX century when the country "missed" the coming technological revolution, it appeared away that the country was from a highway of a modern civilization development. The idea of acceleration was simple: to buy abroad the latest equipment, advanced technologies and, using advantages of socialism, to start catching up with the West which was far in advance.

Therefore originally the reform mentioned only the organization sphere: society improvement by establishing order, strengthening of labor and technological discipline, responsibility increase, etc. was provided. Even such vague measures yielded quite good results: in 1985-86 labor productivity in the industry and construction grew by 1.3 times, railway transport - by 3 times. These indicators caused euphoria in the country leaders and generated belief in power of decree, owing to the correct orders.

But life proved that it is impossible to develop further in the old manner, the old resource was completely exhausted, and the reorganization program of economic system was proclaimed. Its basis was drastic development of enterprise independence, their transition to full self-financing, cooperation development, etc. Along with new methods, old command and administrative methods of management were also widely used: state quality control improvement of

 


 

production, State Agricultural Committee creation for the solution of food problems. The anti-alcoholic company which soon ended up in "Prohibition" became a classical example of old approaches. Deficiency of "drink" led to mass moonshining, at first sugar disappeared from the shops, then counters were removed without remainder. The country learned new troubles in the form of toxicomania, drug addiction. Receipts in the state treasury were sharply reduced, since "drunk money" made a half of the budget of the country. There were difficulties with salary payment.

The country is shaken by general deficiency, many thousands queues. Rates of a gross national product growth decreased from 3.3% in 1986 to 2% in 1990, indicators of labor productivity growth began to have negative characteristics at serious increase in the monetary income. So, their ratio in 1990 made 3% and 16.9%, in the first half of 1991 - 11% and 43.5% respectively. Resistance of democratic and conservative forces became more acute, there is friction due to the need of signing of the new allied contract. The general destabilization of economy, destruction of economic communications, and delay of development rates - all these led the country to a catastrophe.

3) December events of 1986 played an important role in democratization of political life in the republic. In August, 1987 the first independent organization -the social and ecological association "Initiative" was formed. Its purpose is to proclaim a fight for increase of social activity of the population, on the basis of anti-war, ecological, humanistic and peacekeeping ideals, the principles of publicity, democratization, social equality and justice. The association "Initiative" gives moral and organizational support, holds legal consultations, information examination for beginner citizens and labor collectives. Later other political parties, including. "The green front", Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan budded from this association.

Labor movement became serious political force. The special role was occupied in it by the miners of Karaganda, whose protest coincided with strikes in other coal regions of the country. Begun with purely economic requirements, they were quickly politized. In 1989 the regional working strike committee which was included into the Union of workers of the Karaganda region was created. Crucial issues in the social and economic sphere were highlighted by the events in Zhana Ozen (1989), caused by poor development of the infrastructures, miscalculations in placement of the productive forces, taken root practice of a shift method application when local population was unemployed.

There were the organizations alternative to women's councils, which were created, as a rule, from below: Republican committee of soldiers' mothers, League of Muslim female of Kazakhstan, unions of mothers having many children, families, association of business women "Aisha", "A white yurt", etc. In February, 1989 at the initiative of O. Suleymenov the anti-nuclear movement "Nevada-Semipalatinsk" is created. After it other political movements and the organizations are multiplied:" Adilet", "Memorial", "Nekst-Stop", ecological movement on

 


 

problems of Balkhash and the Aral will be organized under the leadership of M. Shakhanov. In Alma-Ata and regions the society "Kazakh language” gains strength, in spring of 1990 a number of the social democratic organizations unite in Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan, at the end of May, 1990 the organizing committee of the national and democratic movement "Azat" is created. By summer - autumn of 1990 the movement "Azat" turns into the large political organization supporting full state independence of Kazakhstan. There are also radical political organizations: "Zheltoksan", "Alash", Cossack associations. In a counterbalance to the national and democratic organizations in Alma-Ata the "Unity" movement is created. The Socialist party, Republican Party of Kazakhstan and National Congress of Kazakhstan party are among large parties. In process of formation of Kazakhstan as the sovereign state, multi-party system became the natural phenomenon of social development in the republic. Legitimately existing multi-party system assumes recognition of various interests and views in the society, providing their supporters with the right to express and protect these interests, to achieve their realization.

 

 

 




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