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UNIT 27. SHIP HULL STRUCTURE ELEMENTS
I. Read and translate the following text: Structural Elements of a Ship's Hull This diagram shows the key structural elements of a ship's main hull (excluding the bow, stern, and deckhouse). 1. Deck structure 2. Transverse bulkhead 3. Inner bottom shell plating 4. Hull bottom shell plating 5. Transverse frame 6. Keel frame 7. Keelson 8. Longitudinal stiffener Hull side beam A. Total Loads, Bending, and Strength The total load on a particular section of a ship's hull is the sum total of all primary, secondary, and tertiary loads imposed on it from all factors. The typical test case for quick calculations is the middle of a hull bottom plate section between stiffeners, close to or at the midsection of the ship, somewhere midways between the keel and the side of the ship. B. Standard Rules Ship classification societies such as Det Norske Veritas, American Bureau of Shipping, and Lloyd's Register have established standard calculation forms for hull loads, strength requirements, the thickness of hull plating and reinforcing stiffeners, girders, and other structures. These methods often give a quick and dirty way to estimate strength requirements for any given ship. Almost always those methods will give conservative, or stronger than precisely required, strength values. However, they provide a detailed starting point for analyzing a given ship's structure and whether it meets industry common standards or not. C. Material Response Modern ships are, almost without exception, built of steel. Generally this is fairly standard steel with Yield strength of around 32,000 to 36,000 PSI, and Tensile strength or Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) over 50,000 PSI. Shipbuilders today use steels which have good corrosion resistance when exposed to seawater, and which do not get brittle at low temperatures (below freezing). A safety factor above the yield strength has to be applied, since steel regularly pushed to its yield strength will suffer from metal fatigue. Steels typically have a fatigue limit, below which any quantity of stress load cycles will not cause metal fatigue and cracks / failures. Ship design criteria generally assume that all normal loads on the ship, times a moderate safety factor, should be below the fatigue limit for the steel used in their construction. It is wise to assume that the ship will regularly operate fully loaded, in heavy weather and strong waves, and that it will encounter its maximum normal design operating conditions many times over its lifetime. II. Words and word combinations to be remembered: transverse bulkhead – поперечная переборка longitudinal stiffener – продольное ребро жесткости tertiary load – вспомогательный груз to impose – накладывать midsection of a ship – средняя часть судна strength requirement – требование к прочности to reinforce stiffener – укреплять ребро жесткости girder – балка, брус yield strength – предел текучести tensile strength – предел прочности corrosion resistance – коррозийная стойкость brittle – ломкий, хрупкий metal fatigue – усталость металла III. Answer the following questions: 1. What are the key structural elements of a ship’s main hull? 2. What is the total load on a particular section of a ship’s hull? 3. What classification societies have established standard calculation form? 4. What do these methods give? 5. What are modern ships made of? 6. What Tensile strength is in standard steel? 7. Shipbuilders today use steels which have good corrosion resistance, don’t they? 8. What is a metal fatigue limit? IV. These are answers. Ask questions to these sentences: 1. The benchmark steel grade is ABS A, specified by the American Bureau of Shipping. 2. Very few ships ever see ultimate load conditions anywhere near their gross failure limits. 3. The total load on a particular section of a ship’s hull is the sum total of all primary, secondary and tertiary loads imposed on it from all factors. 4. Modern ships are, almost without exception, built of steel. 5. Ship strength requirements, without fatigue concerns, would be somewhat lower. 6. It is import6ant to be able to manually calculate rough behavior of ship hulls. 7. Finit element analysis tools are used to measure the behavior in detail as loads are applied. V. Insert the missing words using the text: 1. Ship … … have established standard calculations forms for hull loads, strength requirements, the … of hull plating and reinforcing …, girders and other …. 2. These methods provide a … … point for analyzing a given ship’s … and whether it meets industry common standards or not. 3. Shipbuilders today use … which have good corrosion … when exposed to …, and which do not get brittle at low temperatures. 4. A safety factor above the … … has to be applied, since steel regularly pushed to its yield strength will suffer from … …. 5. Engineers do not trust the output of … … without some general reality checking that the results are within the … … of magnitude. VI. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English: 1. Классификационные общества опубликовали стандартные калькуляционные формы для нагрузки на корпус, требования к прочности, толщины покрытия корпуса и укрепления ребра жесткости, балок и других конструкций. 2. Эти методы предоставляют детальную исходную точку для анализа данной конструкции корабля. 3. Сталь ABS A имеет предел текучести 3400 фунтов на квадратный дюйм, предел прочности от 58 до 71 000 фунтов на квадратный дюйм. 4. Современные компьютерные программы автоматизированного проектирования обычно используются, чтобы произвести более детальные и мощные компьютерные модели данной конструкции. 5. Важно вручную уметь вычислить примерное поведение корпуса судна. VII. Make up sentences using the following words and word combinations: Hull bottom shell plating, quick calculations, thickness of hull plating, to estimate strength requirements, strength value, a detailed starting point for analyzing, to meet common standards, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, a fatigue limit. VIII. Translate the text: “Tumblehome.” Tumblehome is the narrowing of a ship's hull with greater distance above the water-line. Expressed more technically, it is present when the beam at the uppermost deck is less than the maximum beam of the vessel. A small amount of tumblehome is normal in many designs in order to allow any small projections at deck level to clear wharves. Tumblehome was common on wooden warships for centuries. In the era of oared combat ships it was quite common, placing the oar ports as far abeam as possible. This also made it more difficult to board by force, as the ships would come to contact at their widest points, with the decks some distance apart. The narrowing of the deck above this point made the boat more stable by lowering the weight above the waterline, which is one of the reasons it remained common during the age of cannon-armed ships. It can be seen well in steel constructed warships of the early 1880's when the United States and most European navies began building steel warships. IX. Ask as many questions as possible to the following sentences: 1. Modern CAD computer programs are usually used today to generate much more detailed and powerful computer models of the structure. 2. Preliminary designs may be started before enough information on a structure is available to perform a computer analysis. 3. Ship design criteria generally assume that all normal loads on the ship, times a moderate safety factor, should be below the fatigue limit for the steel used in their construction. 4. Very few ships ever see ultimate load conditions anywhere near their gross failure limits. 5. Steels typically have a fatigue limit, below which any quantity of stress load cycles will not cause metal fatigue and cracks failures. X. Retell the text: “Ship hull structure elements.”
UNIT 28. WATERLINE I. Read and translate the following text: Waterline refers to an imaginary line marking the level at which ship or boat floats in the water. To an observer on the ship the water appears to rise or fall against the hull . Temperature also affects the level because warm water provides less buoyancy, being less dense than cold water. Likewise the salinity of the water affects the level, fresh water being less dense than salty seawater. The first official loading regulations are thought to date back to maritime legislation originating with the kingdom of Crete in 2,500 BC when vessels were required to pass loading and maintenance inspections. The first 19th century loading recommendations were introduced by Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping in 1835, following discussions between shipowners, shippers and underwriters. Lloyds recommended freeboards as a function of the depth of the hold (three inches per foot of depth) and these recommendations, used extensively until 1880, became known as "Lloyd's Rule". The purpose of a load line is to ensure that a ship has sufficient freeboard and thus sufficient reserve buoyancy. The freeboard on commercial vessels is measured between the uppermost continuous deck and the waterline and this must not be less than the freeboard marked on the Load Line Certificate issued to that ship. All commercial ships, other than in exceptional circumstances,[1] have a load line symbol painted amidships on each side of the ship and this symbol must also be permanently marked so that if the paint wears off it can still be seen. The original "Plimsoll Mark" was a circle with a horizontal line through it to show the maximum draft that a ship may load to. Additional marks have been added over the years to allow for different densities of water and expected sea conditions. Letters may also appear to the sides of the mark indicating the classification society that has surveyed the vessel's load line. The initials used include AB for the American Bureau of Shipping, LR for Lloyd's Register, BV for Bureau Veritas, and NV for Det Norske Veritas. These letters should be approximately 115 millimeters in height and 75 millimeters in width. The Scantling length is usually referred to during and following load line calculations. The letters on the Load line marks have the following meanings: · TF – Tropical Fresh Water · F – Fresh Water · T – Tropical Seawater · S – Summer Seawater · W – Winter Seawater · WNA – Winter North Atlantic Fresh water is considered to have a density of 1000 kg/m³ and sea water 1025 kg/m³. Fresh water marks make allowance for the fact that the ship will float deeper in fresh water than salt water. A ship loaded to her Fresh Water mark in fresh water will float at her Summer Mark once she has passed into sea water. Similarly if loaded to her Tropical Fresh water mark she will float at her Tropical Mark once she passes in to sea water. II. Words and word combinations to be remembered: waterline – ватерлиния to float – плавать, держаться на поверхности воды density – плотность load line – грузовая линия freeboard – надводный борт, высота надводного борта to be measured – измерять (ся) amidships – посередине корабля to pass inspections – проходить проверки shipper – грузоотправитель Plimsoll Mark – грузовая марка maximum draft – максимальная осадка судна to indicate – показывать, обозначать initial – исходный, начальный scantling length – установленная длина III. Answer the following questions: 1. What is waterline? 2. How does temperature affect the level? 3. What is the purpose of a load line? 4. How is the freeboard measured? 5. What symbol do all commercial ships have? 6. When are the first official loading regulations thought to date back? 7. Who introduced the first 19th century loading recommendations? 8. What is the meaning of a “Plimsoll Mark”? 9. What do the initials used include? 10. Should the initials be approximately 115 mm in height and 75 mm in width? 11. What do the letters on the Load line marks mean? IV. Ask as many questions as possible to the following sentences: 1. For vessels with displacement hulls, the hull speed is determined by the waterline length. 2. An international load line or Plimsoll line indicates the maximum safe draft. 3. The exact location of the Load Line is calculated and verified by a Classification Society. 4. In the 1860s due to the increasing losses of ships a British MP, Samuel Plimsoll, took up the load line case. 5. In a sailing boat, the length of the waterline can change significantly as the boat heels and can dynamically affect the speed of the boat. V. Use the words and word combinations in the sentences of your own: An imaginary line, to provide buoyancy, to have freeboard, to have a loadline symbol, to show the maximum draft, to be introduced by smb, amidships. VI. Translate the text “The summer load line” The Summer load line is the primary load line and it is from this mark that all other marks are derived. The position of the summer load line is calculated from the Load Line Rules and depends on many factors such as length of ship, type of ship, type and number of superstructures, amount of sheer, bow height and so on. The horizontal line through the circle of the Plimsoll mark is at the same level as the summer load line. The Winter load line is one forty-eighth of the summer load draft below the summer load line. The Tropical load line is one forty-eighth of the summer load draft above the summer load line. The Fresh Water load line is an amount equal to millimeters above the summer load line where is the displacement in metric tonnes at the summer load draft and T is the metric tonnes per centimeter immersion at that draft. In any case where cannot be ascertained the fresh water load line is at the same level as the tropical load line. The position of the Tropical Fresh load line relative to the tropical load line is found in the same way as the fresh water load line is to the summer load line. VII. Insert the missing words using the text: 1. … refers to an imaginary line marking the level at which … or boat floats in water. 2. The purpose of a load line is … that a ship has sufficient … and thus sufficient reserve …. 3. All commercial ships have a load … … painted … on each side of the ship. 4. The first 19th century loading recommendations were introduced by … … of British and Foreign Shipping in …. 5. The original “Plimsoll Mark” was a circle with … … through it to show the maximum … that a ship may load to. VIII. Retell the text “Waterline.”
VOCABULARY Aback-the situation of the sails, when their surfaces are pressed aft against the mast by the force of the wind. Abaft- the hinder part of a ship, or towards the stern. It also signifies father aft or nearer to the stern; as, the barricades stands ABAFT the main-mast; that is, nearer to the stern. Abaft the beam-to denote the relative situation of any object with the ship when the object is placed in any part of that arch of the horizon which is contained between a line at right angles with the keel and that point of the compass which is directly opposite to the ship’s course. A board- the distance runs by a ship on one tack: thus they say good board, when a ship does not go to leeward of her course; a short board and a long board, according to the distance. Aboard main tack- the order to draw the lower corner of the main sail down to the chestree. About ship- the order to prepare for tacking. Abreast- the situation of two or more ships lying with their sides parallel and their heads equally advanced; in which case they are abreast of each other. Abreast of any place, means off or directly opposite to it. Afloat- to buoy up by the water. Afore- all that part of the ship which lies forward or nearer the stem. It also signified farther forward; as the manager stands afore the foremast; that is nearer to the stem. After- a phrase applied to any object in the hinder part of the ship, as after hatchway, the after sails. A hull- the situation when all her sails are furled and her helm to the lee-side; by which she lies with her head being somewhat inclined to the direction of the wind. A-lee- the position of the helm when it is pushed down to the lee-side. All in the wind- the state of a ship’s sails when they are parallel to the direction of the wind, so as to shake or quiver. Along shore- along the coast; a coast which is in the sight of the shore, and nearly parallel to it. Aloof- to keep aloof, that is, keep the distance. A main- at once, suddenly; let go main. To anchor- to let the anchor fall into the ground, for the ship to ride there by. At anchor- the situation of a ship riding at her anchor. An end- the position of any mast when erected perpendicularly. The top-masts are said to be an-end when they are hoisted up to their usual stations. A peek- perpendicular to the anchor, the cable having been drawn so tight as to bring the ship directly over it. The anchor is then said to be a peek. Athwart hawse- the situation of a ship when driven by accident across the fore-part of another, whether they touch or are at a small distance from each other, the transverse position of the former is principally understood. Athwart the fore foot- when any object crosses the line of a ship’s course, but ahead of her it is said to be athwart her for foot. Atrip- it means that the anchor is drawn out of the ground, in a perpendicular direction, by the cable or buoy rope. The topsails are said to be a trip when they are hoisted up to the mast-head, to their utmost extent. Awning- a shelter or screen of canvass, spread over the decks of a ship to keep off the heat of the sun. Spread the awning, extend it so as to cover the deck. To back the anchor- to carry out a small anchor ahead of the large one, in order to prevent it from coming home. To back astern- in rowing is to impel the boat with her stern foremost by means of the oars. To back the sails -to arrange them in a situation that will occasion the ship to move astern. Bay- a place for ships to anchor. To bagpipe the mizzen- to bring the sheet to the mizzen shrouds. To balance- to contract a sail into a narrower compass by tying up a part of it at one corner. Ballast- the pigs of iron, stones, or gravel which last is called single ballast; and their use is to bring the ship down to her bearings in the water which her provisions and stores will not do. Trim the ballast that is spread it about and lay it even or runs over one side of the hold to the other. Bale- bale the boat; that is, lade or throw the water out of her. Barge- a carvel built boat, that rows with ten or twelve oars. Batten- a thin piece of wood. Batten down the hatches, is to nail batters upon the tarpaulins, which are over the hatches that they may not be washed off. Bearing- the situation of one place from another, with regard to the points of the compass. The situation also of any distant object, estimated from some part of the ship, according to her situation; these latter bearings are either on the beam, before the beam, abaft the beam, on the lee or weather bow, on the lee or weather quarter, ahead or astern. Bear a-hand- make haste, dispatch. To bear in with the land- when a ship sails towards the shore. To bear off- to thrust or keep off the ship’s side, any weight when hoisting. To bear up or away- the act of changing a ship’s course, to make her sail more before the wind. Beating to windward- the making a progress against the direction of the direction of the wind by steering alternately close-hauled on the starboard and larboard tacks. To becalm- to intercept the current of the wind, in its passage to a ship by any contiguous object, as a shore above her sails, as a high sea behind and thus one sail is said to becalm another. Before the beam- to denote the arch of the horizon comprehended between the line of the beam and line of the keel forward. To belay- to fasten a rope by winding it several times backwards and forwards on a cleat or pin. To bend-to make fast, to secure. To bend a sail- to affix it to its proper yard, mast or stay. Between decks- the space contained between any two decks of a ship. Bight of a rope- any part between the two ends. Bight- a narrow inlet of the sea. Birth- the situation in which a ship rides at anchor, either alone or in fleet; the due distance between two ships; and also a room or apartment for the officers of a mess. To bitts the cable- to bring the cable under the cross-piece and a turn round the bitts-head. In this position it may either be kept fixed or veered away. Bitter- the turn of a cable round the bitts. Block- a piece of wood with running sheaves or wheels in it, through which the running rigging is passed, to add to the purchase. Block and block-when they cannot approach any nigher. Board and board- when two ships come so near as to touch each other or when that lie side-by-side. To board a ship- to enter an enemy’s ship in an engagement. Bold shore- a steep coast, permitting the close approach of a ship. Bolt-rope- the rope which goes round a sail and to which the canvas is sewed. Bonnet of a sail-an additional piece of canvas put to the sail in moderate weather to hold more wind. Boot-topping- cleaning the upper part of a ship’s bottom or that part which lies immediately under the surface of the water; and paying it over with tallow or with a mixture of tallow, sulphur, resin. Both sheets aft- the situation of a ship sailing right before the wind. Bow-grace- a frame of old rope or junk, laid out at the bows, stems and sides of ships to prevent them from being injured by flakes of ice. Bow-line bridles- lines made fast to the cringles in the sides of the sails and to which the bow-line is fastened. Bow-lines- lines made fast to the bridles, to haul then forward when upon the wind which being hauled tort, enables the ship to sail nearer to the wind. Boxhauling- a particular method of veering a ship when the swell of the sea renders tacking impracticable. Boxing- it is performed by laying the head-sails aback, to pay off the ship’s head into the line of her course. To brace the yards- to move the yards by means of the braces. To brace about- to brace the yards round for the contrary tack. To brace sharp- to brace the yards to a position in which they will make the smallest possible angle with the keel for the ship to have head-way. To brace-to- to cast off the lee braces and round in the weather braces to assist the motion of the ship’s head in tacking. To brail up- to haul up a sail by means of the brads. Brails- a name to certain ropes belonging to the mizzen used to truss it up to the gaff and mast. To break bulk- the act of the beginning to unload a ship. To break sheer- when a ship at anchor is forced by the wind or current from that position in which she keeps her anchor most free of herself and most firm in the ground so as to endanger the tipping or fouling her anchor. Breaming- burning off the filth from a ship’s bottom. Breast-fast- a rope employed to confine a ship sideways to a wharf or to some other ship. To bring to- to check the course of a ship when she is advancing by arranging the sails in such a manner as that they shall counteract each other and prevent her from either retreating or advancing. To broach to- to incline suddenly to windward of the ship’s course against the helm so as to present her side to the wind, and endanger her losing her masts. The difference between BROACHING TO and BRINGING BY THE LEE may be thus defined: suppose a ship under great sail is steering south, having the wind at N.N.W. then west is the weather side and east the lee-side. If, by any accident, her head turn round to the westward so as that her sails are all taken a-back on the weather-side, she is to BROACH TO. If, on the contrary, her head declines so far eastward as to lay her sails a-back on that side which was the lee-side, it is called BRINGING BY THE LEE. Broadside- a discharge of all the guns on one side of a ship both above and bellow. Broken-backed or hogged- the state of a ship which is so loosened in her frame as to drop at each end. Buoy- a floating conical cask, moored upon shoals to show where the danger is; also used on anchors to show where they lie. By the head- the state of a ship when she is so unequally loaded as to draw more water forward than she ought. By the wind- the course of a ship as nearly as possible to the direction of the wind which is generally within six points of it. Cap- a piece of wood fixed to the head of the mast through which the next mast goes. Capstan- an instrument by which the anchor is weighed out of the ground, it being a great mechanical power and is used for setting up the shrouds and other work where great purchases are required. Casting- the motion of falling off so as to bring the direction of the wind on either side of the ship after it has blown some time right a-head. It is particularly applied to a ship about to weigh anchor. Cat’s Paw- a light air of wind perceived in calm, sweeping the surface of the sea very lightly. A hitch taken on the lanyard of a shroud in which the tackle is hooked in setting up the rigging and for other purposes. Cat-harping- short pieces of rope which connect the lower shrouds together where the futtock shrouds are fastened. Caulking- filling the seams of a ship with oakum. Centre- the word is applied to a squadron of a fleet, in line of battle which occupies the middle of the line; and to that column (in the order of sailing) which is between the weather and lee columns. Chapelling- when a vessel on the wind, in little wind, is caught a-back and turns round on her keel to the same tack without starting either tack or sheet. Chase- a vessel pursued by some other. Chaser- the vessel pursuing. To claw off- the act of turning to windward from a lee-shore. Clear- the weather is said to be clear when it is fair and open; the sea coast is CLEAR when the navigation is not interrupted by rocks. It is applied cordage, cables, when they are disentangled so as to be ready for immediate service. In all these senses it is opposed to FOUL. To clear the anchor- to get the cables off the flukes or stock and to disencumber it of ropes ready for dropping. Clear hawse- when the cables are directed to their anchors without lying athwart each other. Clenched- to make fast as the cable is to the ring of the anchor. Clew down- to haul the yards down by the clew-lines. To clew up- to haul up the clews of a sail to its yard by means of the clew-lines. Close-hauled- the trim of the ship’s sails when she endeavors to make a progress in the nearest direction possible towards that point of the compass from which the wind blows. Coasting- the act of making progress along the sea coast of any country. Cockbill- see THE ANCHOR. To coil the rope- to lay it round in a ring/ one turn to another. Commander- a large wooden mallet to drive the fid into the cable when in the act of splicing. To come home- the anchor is said to come home when it loosens from the ground by the effort of the cable and approaches the place where the ship floated at the length of her moorings. Coming to- to denote the approach of a ship’s head to the direction of the wind. Crank- the quality of a ship, which for want of sufficient ballast is rendered incapable of carrying sail without being exposed to danger. Creeper- a small iron grapnel used to drag in the bottom of rivers for anything loss. Cringle- a strand of small rope introduced several times through the bolt rope of a sail and twisted, to which ropes are fastened. To crowd sail- to carry more sail than ordinary. Crow-foot- a number of small lines spread from the fore-parts of the tops, by means of the piece of wood through which they pass and being hauled taut upon the stays, they prevent the foot of the top-sails catching under the top rim; they are also used to suspend the awnings. Cunning- the art of directing the helmsman to guide the ship in her proper course. Davit- a long beam of timber used to fish the anchor. See FISH THE ANCHOR. Dead water- the eddy water, which appears like whirlpools, closing in with the ship’s stern, as she sails on. Dead lights-a kind of window-shutter for the windows in the stern of a ship, used in very bad weather. Dead wind- the wind right against the ship or blowing from the very point to which she wants to go. To deaden a ship’s way- to impede her progress through the water. Dismasted- the state of a ship that has lost her mast. Dog-vane- a small vane with feathers and cork, placed on the ship’s quarter for the men at the helm to direct them when the vessel is nigh the wind. Doubling- the act of sailing round or passing beyond a cape or point or land. Doubling upon- the act of enclosing any part of a hostile fleet between two fires or of cannonading it on both sides. Downhaul- the rope by which any sail is hauled down; as the jib downhaul. To dowse- to lower suddenly or slacken. To drag the anchor- to trail it along the bottom, after it is loosened from the ground. To draw- when a sail is inflated by the wind, so as to advance the vessel in her course, the sail is said TO DRAW; and SO TO KEEP ALL DRAWING is to inflate all the sails. Drift-the angle which the line of a ship’s motion makes with the nearest meridian, when she drives with her side to the wind and waves when laying to. It also implies the distance which the ship drives on that line. Driving- the state of being carried at random, as impelled by a storm or current. It is generally expressed of a ship when accidentally broken loose from her anchors or moorings. Drop- it is used sometimes to denote the depth of a sail; as a fore-topsail drops twelve yards. To drop anchor-synonymously with TO ANCHOR. To drop a-stern- the ship is said to drop a-stern when, in company with others, she does not sail so fast. Dunnage- a quantity of loose wood laying at the bottom of a ship to keep the goods from being damaged. Ear-ring- a small rope fastened to a cringle in the head of the sail for the purpose of extending it along the yard. There are Ear-rings for each reef. Ease the ship- a command given by the pilot to the helmsman to put the helm a lee, when the ship is expected to plunge her fore part deep in the water when close-hauled. To edge away- to decline gradually from the shore or from the line of the course which the ship formerly held, in order to go large. To edge in with- to advance gradually towards the shore or any other object. End-for-end- a reversal of a position of any thing is turning it END-FOR-END. It is applied also to a rope that has run quite out of the block in which it was reeved or to a cable which has all run out of the ship. End-on- when a ship advances to a shore, rock without an apparent possibility of preventing her, she is said to go END ON for the shore. Ensign- the flag worn at the stern of a ship. Entering- port- a large port in the sides of three-deckers, leading into the middle deck to save the trouble of going up the ship’s side to get on board. Even keel- when the keel is parallel with the horizon. Fack or Fake- one circle of any cable or rope coiled. Fag end- the end of a rope fagged out. See WHIPPING. Fair wind- a term for the wind when favourable to a ship’s course. Fair-way- the channel of a narrow bay, river, or haven in which ships usually advance in their passage up and down. Fall- any rope that passes through two or more blocks. To fall aboard of- to strike or encounter another ship when one or another are in motion. To fall a-stern- to see DROP A-STERN. To fall calm- there is a cessation of the wind. To fall down- to see DROP DOWN. Falling off- to denote the motion of the ship’s head from the direction of the wind. It is used in opposition to COMING TO. Fall not off- the command to the steersman to keep the ship near the wind. Fathom- a measure of six feet. To fetch way- to be shaken or agitated from one side to anther so as to loosen any thing which was before fixed. Fid- a square bar of wood or iron, with shoulders at one end; it is used to support the weight of the topmast when erected at the head of a lower mast. Fid for splicing- a large piece of wood of a conical figure, used to extend the standards and layers of cables in splicing. To fill- to brace the sails so as to receive the wind in them and advance the ship in her course after they had been either shivering or braced a-back. Fish-hook- a large hook by which the anchor is received from under the cat-head, and brought to the side or gunwale; and the tackle which is used for this purpose is called the fish-tackle. To fish the anchor- to draw up the flukes of the anchor towards the top of the bow, in order to stow it, after having been catted by means of the davit. Flag- a general name for colors worn and used by sips of war. Flat-aft- the situation of the sails when their surfaces are pressed aft against the mast by the force of the wind. To flat in- to draw in the aftermost lower corner or clue of a sail towards the middle of the ship, to give the sail a greater power to turn the vessel. To flat in forward- to draw in the force-sheet, jib-sheet and fore-staysail-sheet, towards the middle of the ship. Flaw- a sudden breeze or gust of wind. Fleet- above five sail of the line. Floating- the state of being buoyed up the water from the ground. Flood-tide- the state of a tide when it flows or rises. Flowing sheets- the position of the sheets of the principal sails when they are loosened to the wind, so as to receive it into their cavities more nearly perpendicular than when close hauled, but more obliquely than when the ship sails before the wind. A ship going two or three points large has FLOWING SHEETS. Fore-and-aft- throughout the whole ship’s length. Lengthways of the ship. To-fore-reach upon-to gain ground on some other ship. To forge over- to force a ship violently over a shoal by a great quantity of sail. Forward- towards the fore part of a ship. Foul- to oppose to fair. Foxes- two or more yarns twisted together by hand. To free- pumping is said to free the ship when it discharges more water than leaks into her. To freshen- when a gale increases it is said to freshen. To freshen the hawse- veering out or heaving in a little cable to let another part of it to endure the chafing in the hawse-holes. It is applied to the act of renewing the service round the cable at the hawse-holes. Fresh away- when a ship increases her velocity she is said to FRESH AWAY. Full- the situation of the sails when they are kept distended by the wind. Futtock-shrouds- the shrouds which connect the lower and top mast rigging together. Gage of the ship- her depth of water, or what water she draws. To gain the wind- to arrive on the weather or to windward of some ship or fleet in sight, when both are sailing on the wind. Gammon the bowsprit- to secure it by turns of a strong rope passed round it, and into the cut water to prevent it from topping. Gasket- foxes plaited together and which they pass round the sails and yards to keep them fast when they are furled. To gather- a ship is said to gather on another as she comes nearer to her. Gimbleting- the action of turning the anchor round by the stock, so that the motion of the stock appears similar to that of the handle of a gimblet when employed to turn the wire. Girt- the ship is girt with her cables when she is too light moored. To give chase to- to pursue a ship or fleet. Goose-wings of a sail- the clues or lower corners of a ship’s mainsail of foresail when the middle part is furled or tied up to the yard. Grappling-iron- a thing in the nature of an anchor with four or six flukes to it. Grave the ship- to burn off the filth from her bottom. Grip of a ship- that thin part of her which is fastened to the keel and stem and joined to the false stern. Griping- the inclination of a ship to run to windward. Groin in the cable- when the cable does not coil as it ought. Grounding- the laying a ship a-shore in order to repair her. It is also applied to running a-ground accidentally. Ground-tackle-every thing belonging to a ship’s anchors and which are necessary for anchoring or mooring; such as cables, hawsers, towlines, wraps, buoy-ropes. Ground-tier- that is the tier which is lowest in the hold. Growing- stretching out; applied to the direction of the cable from the ship towards the anchors; as the cable GROWS on the starboard bow. Grummet- a piece of rope laid into a circular form and used for large boats′ oars, instead of rowlocks and also for many other purposes. Gun-room- a division of the lower deck, abaft, enclosed with network for the use of the gunner and junior lieutenant and in which their cabins stand. Gunnel- the large plank that runs along upon the upper part of a ship’s side. Guy- a rope fixed to keep any thing in its place. Gybing-the act of shifting any boom-sail from one side of the mast to the other. Halyards- the ropes by which the sails are hoisted as the topsail halyards, the jib halyards. To hail- to salute or speak to a ship at a distance. Handing- the same as furling. Hand-over-hand- the pulling of any rope by the men’s passing their hands alternately one before the other or one above another. Handspike- bars made use of with a windlass. Hank- pieces of wood to attach stay sails to theirs stays. Hank-for-hank- when two ships tack and make a progress to windward together. Harbor- a secure place for a ship to anchor. Hard a-lee- the situation of the helm which pushed close to the lee side of the ship. Hard a-weather- the situation of the helm when pushed close to the weather side of a ship. To haul- to pull a rope. To haul the wind- to direct the ship’s course nearer to the point from which the wind blows. Hawse- the situation of the cables before the ship’s stem when she is moored with two anchors out from forwards. It also denotes any small distance a-head of a ship or the space between her head and the anchors employed to ride her. Hawse-holes- the holes in the bows of the ship through which the cables pass. Freshen hawse, veer out more cable. Clap a service in the hawse; put some what round the cable in the hawse hole to prevent its chafing. To clear hawse is to untwist the cables where the ship is moored and has got a foul hawse. Athwart hawse is to be across or before another ship’s head. Hawser- a small kind of cable. Head fast- a rope employed to confine the head of a ship to wharf or some other ship. Head most- the situation of any ship or ships which are the most advanced in a fleet. Head-sails- all the sails which belong to the foremost and bowsprit. Head-sea- when waves meet the head of a ship in her course, they are called a HEAD SEA. It is likewise applied to a large single wave coming in that direction. Head-to-wind- The situation of a ship when her head is turned to the point from which the wind blows as it must when tacking. Head-way- the motion of advancing used in opposition to STERN-WAY. To heave- to turn about a capstern or other machine of the like kind by means of bars, handspikes. To heave a-head- to advance the ship by heaving in the cable or other rope fastened to an anchor at some distance before her. To heave a-peak- to heave in the cable till the anchor is a-peak. To heave a-stern- to move a ship backwards by an operation similar to that of HEAVING A-HEAD. To heave down- to CAREEN. To heave in the cable- to draw the cable into the ship by turning the capstern or windlass. To heave-in stays- to bring a ship’s head to the wind by a management of the sails and rudder in order to get on the other tack. To heave out- to unfurl or loose a sail; more particularly applied to the staysails. To heave short – to draw so much of the cable into the ship as that she will be almost perpendicularly over her anchor. To heave tight or taut- to turn the cap stern round till the rope or cable becomes straightened. To heave the cap stern- to turn it round with the bars. To heave the lead- to throw the leads overboard in order to find the depth of water. To heave the log- to throw the logs overboard in order to calculate the velocity of the ship’s way. To heave to- to stop the vessel from going forward. Heave handsomely- to heave gently or leisurely. Heave heartily- to heave strong and quick. To heel- to stoop or incline to one side; thus they say TO HEEL TO PORT is to heel to the larboard side. Helm- the instrument by which the ship is steered, and includes both the wheel and the tiller. Helm a-lee –a direction to put the tiller over to the lee-side. Helm a-weather-an order to put the helm over to the windward side. High-and-dry -the situation of a ship when so far run a-ground as to be seen dry upon the strand. Hitch- to make fast. To hoist- to draw up any body by the assistance of one or more tackles. Hold- the space between the lower deck and the bottom of a ship and where her stores lie. To hold its own-it is applied to the relative situation of two ships when neither advances upon the other; each is then said to HOLD ITS OWN. It is likewise said of a ship which, by means of contrary winds, cannot make a progress towards her destined port, but which, however, keeps nearly the distance she had already run. To hold on -to pull back or retain any quantity of rope acquired by the effort of a cap stern, windlass, tackle, block. Home-to imply the proper situation of any object; as, to haul HOME the top-sail sheets is to extend the bottom of the top-sail to the lower yard by means of the sheets. Horse-a rope under the yards to put the feet on. Hoy-a particular kind of vessel. Hull of the ship- the body of it. Hull down- when a ship is so far off, that you can only see her masts. Hull-to -the situation of a ship when she lies with all her sails furled; as in TRYING. To hull a ship -to fire cannon-balls into her hull. Hulk- a ship without masts or rigging; also a vessel to remove masts into or out of ships by means of sheers, from whence they are called sheer hulks. Jack-the union flag. Jaming –a particular method of taking a turn with a rope. Jeer-blocks -the blocks through which jeers are roved. Jeers -the ropes by which the lower yards are suspended. Jib -the foremost sail of a ship, set upon a boom which runs out from the bowsprit. Jib-boom- a spar that runs out from the bowsprit. Jolly boat- the smallest boat on board. Junk-an old cable, or old rope. Jury mast -any spar that is set up, when the proper mast is carried away. Keckled- any part of a cable, covered over with old ropes, to prevent its surface from rubbing against the ship's bow or fore foot. Kedge-a small anchor. Keel- the principal piece of timber on which the vessel is built. Keel-haul- to drag a person backwards and forwards under a ship's keel, for certain offences. To keep away- to alter the ship's course to one rather more large. To keep full -to keep the sails distended by the wind. To keep your luff -to continue close to the wind. To keep the wind -the same as KEEP YOUR LUFF. Kentledge- what is put in the bottom of the vessel to keep the ground tier from getting wet. Kink- when a rope has too much twist. Knees- the pieces of timber which confine the ends of the beams to the vessel's side. Knippers -a large kind of platted rope, which being twisted round the messenger and cable in weighing, bind them together. Knot –a division of the knot-line, answering, in the calculation of the ship's velocity, to one mile. Knot -there are many sorts; such as overhand knot, wall-knot, diamond knot. To labour -to roll or pitch heavily in a turbulent sea. Laden in bulk -freighted with a cargo not packed, but lying loose, as corn, salt. Laid up- the situation of a ship when moored in a harbour, for want of employ. Large -the wind is on the quarter or abaft the beam. Launch-ho -to signify to let go the top rope, when a top-mast, or top-gallant-mast is fidded. Land-fall -the first land discovered after a sea voyage. Thus a GOOD LAND-FALL implies the land expected or desired, a BAD LAND-FALL the reverse. Land-locked -the situation of a ship surrounded with land so as to exclude the prospect of the sea, Larboard -the left side of a ship, looking towards the head. Larboard-tack -the situation of a ship when sailing with the wind blowing upon her larboard side. Lash-to bind. Laying the land -a ship which increases her distance from the coast, so as to make it appear lower and smaller. Lead line -a rope with a lead weight attached to measure the depth of water. The rope has colored markers along it's length to indicate depth. Leading-wind -a fair wind for a ship's course. Leak -a chink or breach in the sides or bottom of a ship, through which the water enters into the hull. To leak -to admit water into the hull through chinks or breaches in the sides or bottom. Lee- that part of the hemisphere to which the wind is directed, to distinguish it from the other part which is called to windward. Leeches -the sides of the sails. Leechlines -the lines which haul up the leeches to the yard. Lee-gage -a ship or fleet to leeward of another is said to have the lee-gage. Lee-lurches- the sudden and violent rolls which a ship often takes to leeward in a high sea; particularly when a large wave strikes her on the weather-side. Lee-quarter -that quarter of a ship which is on the lee-side. Lee-shore -that shore upon which the wind blows. Lee-side- that half of a ship, lengthwise, which lies between a line drawn through the middle of her length and the side which is farthest from the point of wind. Large- the wind is on the quarter or abaft the beam. With the wind free when studding sail will draw. Land-fall -the first land discovered after a sea voyage. Lee-side-that half of a ship, lengthwise, which lies between a line drawn through the middle of her length and the side which is farthest from the point of wind. To leeward-towards that part of the horizon to which the wind blows. Leeward ship –a ship that falls much to leeward of her course, when sailing close-hauled. Leeward tide -a tide that sets to leeward. Lee-way -the lateral movement of a ship to leeward of her course; or the angle which the line of her way makes with a line in the direction of her keel. To lie along -to be pressed down sideways by a weight of sail in a fresh wind. To lie to -to retard a ship in her course, by arranging the sails in such a manner as to counteract each other with nearly an equal effort, and render the ship almost immoveable, with respect to her progressive motion or headway. Life-lines -for the preservation of the seamen; they are hitched to the topsail lift and tie blocks. Lifts -the ropes which come to the ends of the yards from the mast heads, and by which the yards are kept square or toped. Limbers -holes cut in the ground timbers to let the water come to the well. List incline -the ship has a list to port, that is, she heels to larboard. Lizard -a bight of a small line pointed on a large one. Log, and Log-line - by which the ship's path is measured, and her rate of going ascertained. Log-board, on which are marked the transactions of the ship, and from thence it is copied into the logbook every day. Loggerhead –a large iron ball, with a stem to it. A long sea -a uniform motion of long waves. Look-out- a watchful attention to some important object or event that is expected to arise. Thus persons on board of a ship are occasionally stationed to look out for signals, other ships, for land. To loose -to unfurl or cast loose any sail. To lower- to ease down gradually Luff! - the order to the steersman to put the helm towards the lee side of the ship, in order to sail nearer to the wind. Magazine- a place where gunpowder is kept. To make a board -to run a certain distance upon one tack, in beating to windward. To make foul water- to muddy the water by running in shallow places so that the ship’s keel disturbs the mud at bottom. To make sail-to increase the quantity of sail already set, either by unreefing, or by setting others. To make sternway -to retreat or move with the stern foremost. To make the land -to discover it from afar. To make water-to leak. To man the yards-to place men on the yard, in the tops, down the ladder to execute any necessary duties. Marline-a small line to seize blocks in their straps. Marline-spike -an instrument to splice with. Masted- having all her masts complete. Masts- the upright spars on which the yards and sails are set. Maul- a large hammer to drive the fid of the top-mast either in or out. Mend the service -put on more service. Messenger - a small kind of cable, which being brought to the capstain and the cable by which the ship rides made fast to it, it purchases the anchor. To middle a rope- to double it into equal parts. To miss stays- a ship is said to MISS STAYS, when her head will not fly up into the direction of the wind, in order to get her on the other tack. Mizen-peek- the after end of the gaff. Monkey- an iron sliding ram used in driving in armour bolts in ironclad ships. Monkey- a small cannon (alias dog) Monkey -a small wooden cask to hold rum. Monkey-jacket- a short, usually red jacket worn by midshipmen. Monkey-poop- this name has been given to a platform connecting a fore and after cabin in the after part of a vessel. It may also signify a very short poop. Monkey-pump- a pipe-stem or straw for sucking the contents of a cask. Monkey-sparred- a ship is under-rigged. Mooring- securing a ship in a particular station by chains or cables, which are either fastened to an adjacent shore, or to anchors at the bottom. Mooring service- when a ship is moored, and rides at one cables length, the mooring service is that which is in the hawse hole. Mouse –a kind of ball or knob, wrought upon the collar of the stays. Muster- to assemble. Narrows -a small passage between two lands. Neap-tides- the lowest tides when the moon is at the first or third quarters. Neaped -the situation of a ship left aground on the height of a spring-tide, so that she cannot be floated till the return of the next spring-tide. Near, or no near -an order to the helmsman not to keep the ship so close to the wind. Nippers -an instrument with two jaws by which a rope or cable may be seized. Nothing-off- a term used by the man at the cun to the steersman, directing him not to go from the wind. Nun-buoy- the kind of buoys used by ships of war. Oakum- an old rope untwisted and pulled open. Oars- what boats are rowed with! Offing -to seaward from the land. A ship is in the offing, that is, she is to seaward, at a distance from the land. She stands for the offing, that is, towards the sea. Off-and-on -when a ship is beating to windward, so the by one board she approaches towards the shore, and by the other stands out to sea. Offward- from the shore; as when a ship lies a-ground, and leans towards the sea. On board-within the ship, she is come on board. On the beam- any distance from the ship on a line with the beams, or at right angles with the keel. On the bow- an arch of the horizon, comprehending about four points of the compass on each side of that point to which the ship's head is directed. Open- the situation of a place exposed to the wind and sea. It is also expressed of any distant object to which sight or passage is not intercepted. Open hawse-when the cables of a ship at her moorings lead straight to their respective anchor, without crossing. Orlop-the deck on which the cables are stowed. Over-board- out of the ship; as, he fell overboard, meaning he fell out of, or from, the ship Overhaul- to clear away and disentangle any rope; also to come up with the chase: as, we overhaul her, that is, we gain ground of her. Over-set- a ship is OVER-SET when her keel turn upwards. Out-of-trim- the state of a ship when she is not properly balanced for the purposes of navigation. Out-rigger- a spar projecting from the vessel to extend some sail, or make a greater angle for a shifting back-stay. Painter- a rope attached to the bows of a boat, used to make her fast. Palm- a piece of steel when mounted acts as a thimble for sewing canvass. Parcel a rope -to put a narrow piece of canvass round it before the service is put on. Parliament-heel -the situation of a ship when she is made to stoop little to one side, so as to clean the upper part of her bottom on the other side. Parting- being driven from the anchors by the breaking of the cable. To pawl the cap stain -to fix the pawls, so as to prevent the cap stain from recoiling, during any pause of heaving. To pay- to daub, or cover, the surface of any body with pitch, tar, &c. in order to prevent it from the injuries of the weather. To pay away or pay out -to slacken a cable or other rope, so as to let it run out for some particular purpose. To pay off-to move a ship's head to leeward. Peek -a stay-peek, is when the cable and the fore-stay form a line. A short peek, is when the cable is so much in as to destroy the line formed by the stay-peek. To ride with the yards a-peek, is to have them topped up by contrary lifts, so as to represent a St. Andrew's cross. Pendant-the long narrow flag worn at the mast-head by all ships of the royal navy. Brace pendants are those ropes which secure the brace-blocks to the yard-arms. Pendant broad-a broad pendant hoisted by a commodore. Pierced- a term for gun-ports. Pitching -the movement of a ship, by which she plunges her head and after-part alternately into the hollow of the sea. To ply to windward -to endeavor to make progress against the direction of the wind. Point-blank -the direction of a gun when leveled horizontally. Points -a number of plated ropes made fast to the sails for the purpose of reefing. Poop-the deck next above the quarter-deck. Pooping- the shock of a high and heavy sea upon the stern or quarter of a ship, when she scuds before the wind in a tempest. Portland yards- the same as PORT LAST; TO RIDE A PORPOISE is to ride with a yard struck down to the deck. Port- a harbour or haven Port- a name given on some occasions to the larboard side of the ship. Ports- the holes in the ship's sides from which the guns are fired. Press of sail- all the sail a ship can set or carry. Preventer- an extra rope, to assist another. Prizing- the application of a lever to move any weighty body. Purchase- any sort of mechanical power employed in raising or removing heavy bodies. Purchase- to purchase the anchor is to loosen it out of the ground. Pudding- a large pad made of ropes, and put round the masts under the lower yards. Quarters- the several stations of a ship's crew in time of action. Quartering- when a ship under sail has the wind blowing on her quarter. Quoil -a rope
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