B. Designs of permanent anchors

These are used where the vessel is permanently sited, for example in the case of light vessels or channel marker buoys. The anchor needs to hold the vessel in all weathers, including the most severe storm, but only occasionally, or never, needs to be lifted, only for example if the vessel is to be towed into port for maintenance. An alternative to using an anchor under these circumstances may be to use a pile driven into the seabed.

Permanent anchors come in a wide range of types and have no standard form. A slab of rock with an iron staple in it to attach a chain to serves very well, as does a Chevy long-block motor. Modern moorings may be anchored by sand screws which look and act very much like over-sized screws drilled into the seabed, or by barbed metal beams pounded in (or even driven in with explosives) like pilings, or a variety of other non-mass means of getting a grip on the bottom. One method of building a mooring is to use three or more temporary anchors laid out with short lengths of chain attached to a swivel, so no matter which direction the vessel moves one or more anchors will be aligned to resist the force.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. What is an anchor?

2. How many classes of anchors do you know?

3. What is mooring?

4. What is a sea anchor?

5. How does an anchor work?

6. What did the earliest anchors look like?

7. What does a modern temporary anchor consist of?

8. Where are permanent anchors used?

9. Can you describe the method of building a mooring?

III. Ask as many questions as possible:

1. A good anchorage offers protection from the current weather conditions and will also offer protection from the expected weather.

2. Most anchors will hold well in sandy mud, mud and clay or firm sand.

3. Deadweight is usually just a large block of concrete or stone at the end of the chain.

4. The mushroom anchor is suitable where the seabed is composed of silt or fine sand.

5. Colored plastic inserts on a modern anchor show the operator how much chain has been paid out.

6. Kedging is a technique for moving or turning a ship by using a relatively light anchor known as kedge.

7. A Bahamian moor is used to sharply limit the swing range of a vessel, but allows it to swing to a current.

IV. Translate the text “Anchoring gear”

The elements of anchoring gear include the anchor, the cable (also called a rode), the method of attaching the two together, the method of attaching the cable to the ship, charts, and a method of learning the depth of the water.

Charts are vital to good anchoring. Knowing the location of potential dangers, as well as being useful in estimating the effects of weather and tide in the anchorage, is essential in choosing a good place to drop the hook. One can get by without referring to charts, but they are an important tool and a part of good anchoring gear, and a skilled mariner would not choose to anchor without them.

The depth of water is necessary for determining scope, which is the ratio of length of cable to the depth measured from the highest point (usually the anchor roller or bow chock) to the seabed. For example, if the water is 25 ft (8 m) deep, and the anchor roller is 3 ft (1 m) above the water, the scope is the ratio between the amount of cable let out and 28 ft (9 m). For this reason it is important to have a reliable and accurate method of measuring the depth of water.

A cable or rode is the rope, chain, or combination thereof used to connect the anchor to the vessel. Neither rope nor chain is fundamentally superior as a cable or there would not be continued argument over the issue; each has its strengths and its weaknesses.

V. Use the following words and word combinations in the sentences of your own:

To make out of metal, to attach ship to smth, a mooring, to hoist smth aboard, to hire a service, to be carried by a vessel, a related device, a hawspipe, “to hook” into the seabed, to rely on a large rock, to be still in use, to penetrate the bottom, to prevent a vessel from moving, to be permanently sited.

VI. Complete the following sentences using the text:

1. An anchor is an object often made out of …

2. A permanent anchor is often called …

3. A temporary anchor is usually carried by …

4. A sea anchor is a related device …

5. The earliest anchors were probably …

6. A simple anchor using a pair …

7. A modern temporary anchor usually consists of …

8. Permanent anchors are used where the vessel …

VII. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. Якорь – это устройство, изготавливаемое из металла, используется для прикрепления судна ко дну в определенной точке.

2. Постоянный анкер часто называют мертвым якорем.

3. Плавучий якорь – это устройство, используемое, тогда, когда глубина воды не позволяет использовать мертвый или временный анкер.

4. Первыми якорями были камни, которые использовались с бронзового века.

5. Первый простой якорь состоял из пары деревянных рогов под камнем.

VIII. Retell the text “Anchor.”

UNIT 24. CHINE

I. Read and translate the following text:

A chine in boating refers to a relatively sharp angle in the hull, as compared to the rounded bottoms of most traditional boat hulls. The term hard chine indicates an angle with little rounding, where a soft chine would be more rounded, but still involve the meeting of distinct planes. Chine log construction is a method of building hard chine boat hulls. Hard chines are common in plywood hulls, while soft chines are often found on fiberglass hulls.

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