CONFERENCE: THE LIST AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL CITIES

We live in an increasingly urban and open world. The majority of the world now lives in cities; and mostly in large metropolitan cities.

St. Peterburg’s European University hosted and co-sponsored an international conference on globalization. Nearly 40 participants from the United States, the United Kingdom, India and Russia came together to discuss globalization and cities. The conference involved academics and policy makers, architects and city planners. It was the sixth in a series of forums on globalization that have been co-sponsored by the Washington-based Kennan Institute and the Toynbee Prize Foundation. The conference examined changes in the nature and the role of cities in a globalized era.

Conference participants discussed what makes a global city in the 21^st century. They agreed that the most powerful cities were those that were international financial and business centers, including New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, Frankfurt and Zurich. Speaking about a global city, it has been mentioned that it is one that has the capability, both economically and politically, to service global firms and markets.

Globalization is changing the way cities around the world are developing, but, according to the experts, St. Petersburg is still a long way away from becoming one of the global capitals. With its cultural resources and enormous tourism potential, it is not considered to be a global city. However, it has been generally agreed that if Moscow isn’t a global city already, it certainly has the capacity to become one in the future. Moscow has a diverse and relatively developed service sector. Financial services are developing in Moscow. For example, more than 50 foreign and international banks have regional offices in Moscow.

The participants discussed “the McDonaldsization of architecture,” a phenomenon in which global cities come to look more and more alike as international architectural norms undermine individual cities’ distinct characters. The biggest challenge is to find the right balance between preservation of the old and the introduction of the new. The participants stressed the need to preserve the city’s heritage while still ensuring that the cityscape contributed to economy and the well-being of its population.

Exercise 10.

a) You will read an article written to a newspaper about the health hazards of modern-day life. The following words and phrases are contained in the article. Check them in your dictionary.

b) The author describes a typical day in the life of a businessman, and the dangers that he faces at different times of the day. Read the article quickly and answer the questions after the text.

DICING WITH DEATH

Every day is fraught with danger. You wake in the morning, rush to the window and take a deep breath. Don’t! Hasn’t anyone told you about the air being polluted with lead from petrol? Next you go to the bathroom. After touching the lavatory handle, your innocent-looking hands are covered in bacteria, which even a good wash won’t entirely remove. You sigh, and get dressed. Good heavens! Didn’t you realize that all nylon won’t let your skin breathe?

With a rash beginning to appear on your skin, you make your way to the kitchen for breakfast. Eating must be good for you – mustn’t it? Of course it is, provided you don’t have tea or coffee, which are bad for your heart, or a good old-fashioned English fry-up, which will fill your stomach with cholesterol-building fat.

Depressed – not to mention hungry – you go to clean your teeth. Put down that nylon toothbrush at once! It will ruin your gums. Do you have courage to weigh yourself? Horrors! You’re at least half a stone overweight, which is sure to help send you to an early grave.

Hesitating, you make your way to the car, knowing that there is a good chance that either you or one of your nearest and dearest will be involved in an accident sometime during your life. After a heart-thumping journey, you reach work.

Panting, you reach the office, where you collapse into a chair. The cleaner has just left, leaving an aerosol’s delightful aroma floating in the air. You inhale deeply, enjoying the sweet fragrance. Danger! Breathing in the substances will ruin your lungs (not to mention our atmosphere, if we are to believe the experts).

With trembling hands you light a cigarette to calm your nerves. And what? How dare you? In comes your colleague, Ms Brown, all ready for a busy day, blonde hair and make-up in place. Do you think she’s heard about the cancer scare concerning hair dyes and eye-liners?

At last lunch time comes. You join your mates in the local for a sandwich. White bread, eh?

A low fibre diet is no good at all. You have “just one more drink”, which helps you on your way to liver failure, and you return to the office. You spend the afternoon fighting a battle with high blood pressure and chronic indigestion (or is it your heart at last?) and give a sigh of relief as 5.30 arrives.

What a jam on the by-pass tonight. It gets your fingers tapping on the steering wheel, doesn’t it? You look in the driving mirror and see a large vein throbbing up and down on your forehead. It throbs even faster as you suddenly remember that article you were reading about strokes.

A nervous wreck, you reach home. You crawl up the path and fall into your wife’s protective arms. She won’t last much longer, of course. She’s inhaled a large amount of washing powder, quite a few asbestos particles from her hair drier and a great number of chemicals from aerosol sprays.

But do not fear, civilization is here. Are we really much happier in our modern technological world with all its new-found knowledge than our ancestors who knew nothing of these things?

c) Answer the questions to the text:

1. According to a writer, what dangers can be attached to you during your usual working day?

2. Why isn’t nylon a good material for the skin?

3. What can happen to your nearest and dearest?

4. Why should you use stairs and not lift?

5. What does his colleague need to be careful of?

6. What effect does traffic jam have on him?

7. What dangers wait for you at home?

d) Do you think the writer is …

a) much too worried about the dangers of modern life?

b) right to be worried about them?

c) being funny about them to make a point?

e) Read the article again and mark it like this:

٧٧ - I agree that this is real danger.

٧ - This could be dangerous, but it’s not worth worrying about

x - I don’t agree that this is a danger.

? - I don’t understand the reason to be worried

f) The article deals with quite a serious subject, but it is written in a humorous way. A lot of it sounds like spoken English, as though two people were talking to each other. Find examples of this.

Exercise 11. Read the article from the newspaper with the help of a dictionary and say what problems of a big city can be mentioned after speaking to a young musician working in one of the central streets of Moscow.

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