Prosody (Intonation)is a complex unity of sentence stress, rhythm, tempo, speech melody and voice timbre. Each syllable in a sense group is pronounced on a certain pitch level and bears a definite amount of loudness. Pitch movements are inseparably connected with loudness; together with the tempo of speech they form intonation patterns. Intonation patterns serve to actualize sense groups.
Prosody
The systematic study of versification which covers the principles of metre, rhythm, rhyme and stanza forms; or a particular system of versification. In linguistics the term is applied to patterns of stress and intonation in ordinary human speech. Prosody in the literary sense is also known as metrics.
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Suprasegmenatal phenomenon of sound
5 basic parameters:
pausation
pitch-movement
tempo
loudness = the attribute of a sound that determines the magnitude of the auditory sensation produced and that primarily depends on the amplitude of the sound wave involved
diapason
Full stop -lowest part of diapason and the end of the glide down into two completely different ways
LF –completeness
HF –statement with special emotional coloring
Comma - most troublesome punctuation mark.
Pronounciation of a sent of any length without commas
The pauses are the shortest
LR
Nature of grammatical relation
Semi-column - parts are not fully independent, but convey diff ideas.
Falling tone
Pauses are longer
Falling tone before
1st w after is never pron-d in high level
link bw 2 diff ideas in 1 sent
smth diff but relevant
Column - immediately following ideas
Begin on high level as if a new sent
Pause is shorter than in full stop
Enumerate or repeat
Dash - a break in the narration or thought
· Rephrasing or summarizing
· Add an after thought
· Indicate that sent is unfinished
· Sudden break in a line
· Emphatic pause
· Sudden change in pitch
Indented line
At the beginning of a new paragraph (at the end vice verse):
Longest pause
pitch is lower
tempo is increased slightly
loudness is diminished
Double quotes
- Long pause
- Higher loudness
- Lower tempo
Single quotes
Unnoticeable pause
Down loudness
Down tempo
Brackets – additional information
3) Low pitch level
4) Lower loudness
5) Higher tempo
6) No pause
Double commas – insertions
Rise tone before
Fall tone after
Level tone
Double dashes - prosodically important information