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The accentual structure of English words
Fs:to differentiate V from Nimport-import Presyntactic w combination from compound wsblackbird - black bird American approach primary stress secondary tertiary weak British approach Primary Secondary Weak
Stress: musical, dynamic In eng stress in free, in some other languages - fixed
Stress is considered from the point of view of its 1) position 2) degree of force
In 2 syll ws primary stress falls on the first syllable In 3 syll ws – on the 2nd syll In 4 and more – on 3d from the end
Secondary stress depends on the number of syllables and the place of the primary stress. Others – unstressed (have weak stress).
Types of sentence stress. 1.Normal (is used to arrange the sentence phonetically, to single a nuclear of the centre of the utterance – I want a blue dress) 2.Logical (when the symantic centre is shifted from the last notional word to soma other word than it’s a logical stress – the weather is nice today)3. Emphatic (stress may differ according to the degree of prominence with which the symantic sentence is pronounced, emph stress is associated with fall rise and mid and figh fall – the weather is nice today).
. Sentence-Stress and its Phonological Status
Functions: 1. Constitutive. SS organizes intonation patterns semantically and syntactically. It also helps to single out the communicative center and other important items of the utterance. Nominal words are usually accented, and form words are usually unstressed. Although form words may be accented or stressed in certain structural types of sentences, in certain positions in a sentence they may be emphasized logically. It "is important. It is im"portant. We distinguish three types of SS:
Normal Accent (Normal SS) arranges the utterance phonetically, renders the meaning and indicates the nucleus of the communicative center which in this case is associated with the last notional word.
Logical Stress presupposes the shifting of the nucleus from the last notional word in a sense group to another word which we emphasize logically.
Both Normal & Logical SS’s may be unemphatic & emphatic. Emphatic accent implies the increase of the effort of expression.
2. The distinctive function of SS. Intonation patterns differ primarily in respect to the position of the nucleus of the communicative center. The opposition of the intonation patterns is capable of fulfilling: → the syntactically distinctive function - the number of communicative centers indicates the number of intonation groups. In this case the opposition of intonation (accentuation) patterns fulfills this function. (Do you know his schoolmate, | Harry?) → the semantically distinctive function – is realized in the opposition of different accentuation patterns: You forget your"self (You neglect yourself). You for"get yourself (Ты забываешься). → the attitudinally distinctive function – may be demonstrated by changing the accentuation pattern of the sentence. What shall I do? (If ‘shall’ is unaccented, it is an auxiliary verb – Что же делать? ; if it is the nucleus of the communicative center, it functions as a modal verb and here the meaning is changed (insistent). → together with pitch accent (SS) also fulfills the function of dividing a sentence into theme and rheme.
Intonation 4 components of intonation: pitch, loudness, tempo (prosodic components of intonation) timbre (not recognized unanimously, according to Sokolova) The role of intonation in speech:auditory level - realization of into in speech. Each syllable of speech has a special pitch coloring. The general function of intonation - is a communicative function. It differentiates informational content, text structure, meaning of lexical units, stylistic functions, attitude, statements\questions\commands etc.
The sense group is a group of words which is semantically and syntactically complex. In Phonetics actualized sense groups are called intonation groups. Intonation patterns containing a number of syllables consist of the following parts: - the prehead - the head (the 1st accented syllable) -
- the nucleus (the last acc.syll.) – is the most important part of the intonation pattern. -
Intonation Pattern: Nucleus+ stressed and undressed syllables. Intonation pattern serves to actualize syntagms. Nucleus: the nucleus (the last acc.syll.) – is the most important part of the intonation pattern. A stressed syllable which has a greater prominence than the others. Generally – the last strongly accented syllable of an intonation pattern. Marks a significant change in pitch direction (distinctly up or down). Nuclear tones: low fall, high fall, low rise, high rise, fall rise, rise fall, rise fall rises. Graphical representation of intonation:
Rhythm and tempo Rhythm – a general term, connected with time and space. Realized in lexical, syntactical and prosodic means and their combinations: word repetition, syntactical parallelism, intensification are perceived as rhythmical on lexical, syntactical and prosodic levels. Type of rhythm depends on the language: Syllable-timed (French, Spanish, and other Romance lang-s ) - speaker gives equal amount of time to each syllable. Stress-timed (Germanic lang-s as English, German, Russian.) – rhythm is based on a larger unit than syllable. Stressed syllables are pronounced and equal intervals, no matter how many unstressed syllables are between them.
Speech rhythm is usually considered to be a recurrence of stressed syllables at more or less equal intervals of time in speech continuum. Basic unit – a rhythmic group – a speech segment that contains a stressed syllable and unstressed syll-s attached to it. Stressed syll is a prosodic nucleus of the rhythmic group. Initial unstressed syllables preceding nucleus – proclitics, the following ones – enclitics.
Tempo – expresses different degrees of importance in utterance, emotional state. Tempo increases when giving highly emotional statements and slows down in less emotional state. Phonostylictics The choice of prosodic means depends on the purpose of utterance. The choice of style depends on extra-linguistic factors such age, occupation, sex, emotional state and purpose. ¤ Scientific Style:delivering lectures, seminars, reading aloud prose, conversations on scientific topic. Description: highly emotional, aimed to draw attention as much as it is possible. May sound more entertaining than informative.
¤ Declamatory Style:used on stage, in TV studio performances, verse or prose reciting. Description: highly emotional, still depends on the type of prose\poetry. Needs special training.
Depending on the type of poetry\prose and the emotions author demonstrates ¤ Publicistic Style:Public speeches dealing with social or political problems, parliamentary debates, congress, election campaigns. Description: rhythm is properly organized.
¤ Formal Style:TV and radio announcers, various official situations. Reading news, business tasks, weather forecasts etc. Description: neutral, dispassionate
¤ Conversational style:used in everyday life, less attention on the effect produced. Description: relaxed
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Normal
the tail – conveys no particular information