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CONSTRICTIVE ORAL SONORANTS
According to the manner of articulation consonants may be of 4 groups: 1) Occlusive. 2) Constrictive. 3) Affricates. 4) Rolled. Constrictive sonorants are also made with an incomplete obstruction but with a rather wide air passage; so tone prevails over noise. The English constrictive sonorants: [w,r,l,j]; the Russian constrictive sonorants [л,л’,j]. [I) is constrictive, lateral, forelinqual, apical, alveolar. [ l ] occurs in all word positions, spelt “I, II”, eg like, glad, tall. Articulation. I . The tip of the tongue is in firm contact with the alveolar ridge. 2.The soft palate is raised and the air goes freely to the mouth. 3.The sides of the tongue are lowered and the air can pass between them and the palate. 4.The vocal cords are brought together and vibrate. Allophones. 1. When pronounced before consonants and in final positions [lJ is 'dark”. In such cases the back part of the tongue is raised to the soft palate forming a back secondary focus and giving a dark colouring to the sound, eg all tall, fall, help, salt, milk. When [lJ accurs before vowels or the sonorant [j] it is ’clear’. That means that together with the tip of the tongue the front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate forming the front secondary obstruction (focus), eg Jeiive, siJJy, value. When pronounced after a voiceless consonant [1] is partially devoiced, eg little, ripple, uncle, asleep. Definition.lwl is constrictive, medial, bilabial, bicentral. Articulation.1. The lips are firmly rounded and slightly protruded forming incomplete obstruction. 2. The soft palate is raised and the air goes to the mouth. 3. The back part of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate forming the secondary focus. 4. The sides of the tongue are raised and the air goes along the central part of the tongue. S. The vocal cords vibrate.
Allophones. 1) The words spelt with “wh”, such as when, what, why may be pronounced with [hw] or the voiceless fortis labio-velar fricative |uJ. 2. When [w] occurs after voiceless consonants we hear a voiceless sound as in twelve, queen, square.
Definition (j)is constrictive, medial, mediolinqual, palatal. Articulation. 1. The front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate. 2. The sides of the tongue are raised and the air goes along the central part of it. 3. The lips are generally neutral or spread. 4. The soft palate is raised and the air escapes through the mouth. 5. The vocal cords are kept together and vibrate. Allophones. When [j] follows fortis voiceless consonants it is partirtially devoiced, eg pew, tune, hue.
[r] occurs in word initial and word medial positions and in word final positions me the linking [r]. |r | spelt “r, rr, wr, rh", eg run, berry, write, rhythm, far away, poor.
Definition. [r] is constrictive' medial, forelinqual, cacuminal, post-alveolar. Artlculatlon. 1. The tip of the tonpue is held in a position near to but not touching the back of the alveolar ridge, the front part of the tongue is low and the back is rather high so that the tongue has a curved shape (cacuminal articulation). The position of the lips is deter- mined by that of the following vowel. 2. 3. The vocal cords vibrate. ‹ Allophones. 1. After [межзубные З С ] a single tap [r) is heard, which is formed by the tip of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, eg three, with respect. 2. After voiceless consonants (r] is devoiced. The position of the tongue is the same but the air stream is pushed through the passage between the tip of the tongue and the hard palate, caus- ing some friction, eg prey, proud, prime, tree, try, tram, cream, cry, cruel.
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The soft palate is raised and the air flows quietly between the tip of the tongue, and the palate.