Помощничек
Главная | Обратная связь


Археология
Архитектура
Астрономия
Аудит
Биология
Ботаника
Бухгалтерский учёт
Войное дело
Генетика
География
Геология
Дизайн
Искусство
История
Кино
Кулинария
Культура
Литература
Математика
Медицина
Металлургия
Мифология
Музыка
Психология
Религия
Спорт
Строительство
Техника
Транспорт
Туризм
Усадьба
Физика
Фотография
Химия
Экология
Электричество
Электроника
Энергетика

EXERCISES ON DEVELOPING DEEP BREATHING



The organs of speech and their work.

Organs of speech are: nasal cavity, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, larynx, palate (soft and hard), uvula, tongue (tip, blade, front, back), epiglottis, pharynx, vocal cords, and trachea.

The air stream released by the lungs goes through the wind­pipe and comes to the larynx, which contains the vocal cords. The vocal cords are two elastic folds which may be kept apart or brought together. The opening between them is called the glottis. If the tense vocal cords are brought together, the air stream forcing an opening makes them vibrate and we hear some voice.

On coming out of the larynx the air stream passes through the pharynx.

The pharyngal cavity extends from the top of the larynx to the soft palate, which directs the air stream either to the mouth or nasal cavities, which function as the principal resonators.

The soft palate is the furthest part of the palate from the teeth. Most of the palate is hard. This hard and fixed part of the palate is divided into two sections: the hard palate (the highest part of the palate) and the teeth ridge or alveolar ridge.

The most important organ of speech is the tongue. Pho­neticians divide the tongue into four sections, the part which lies opposite the soft palate is called the back of the tongue; the part facing the hard palate is called the front; the one lying under the teeth ridge is known as the blade and its extremity the t i p .

The lips can take up various positions as well. They can be brought firmly together or kept apart neutral, rounded, or pro­truded forward.

Active organs of speechare movable and taking an active part in a sound formation:

a) Vocal cords which produce voice

b) The tongue which is the most flexible movable organ

c) The lips affective very considerably the shape of the mouth cavity

d) The soft palate with the uvula directing the stream of air either to the mouth or to the nasal cavity

e) The back wall of the faring contracted for some sounds

f) The lower jaw which movement controls the gap between the teeth and also the disposition of the lips

g) The lungs air for sounds

Passive organs of speech:

a) the teeth

b) the teeth ridge or alveolar ridge

c) the hard palate

d) the walls of the resonators

Articulation and breathing practice.

The first and the most important thing is any system of voice exercises is the formation and control of the breath. In normal breathing there is some reserve breath remaining in the lungs.

The mass of air breathed in is kept in the lungs. The lungs are inclosed in the region covered by the ribs, and extending upward, they fill the chest cavity except for the space for the heart.

The diaphragm is a large muscular membrane lying just above the waist line. It forms the floor of the chest cavity. and in correct breathing increases its capacity, filling the lower part of the lungs with air as well. That is 'deep breathing', so necessary for correct speaking.

EXERCISES ON DEVELOPING DEEP BREATHING

  1. [This exercise should be taken every morning and evening before an open window.] Stand straight with your hands on hips and shoulders back and down. Close the mouth. Now draw a slow full breath through the nose. You will feel that the lungs are full. Hold your breath counting mentally "one", "two", "three"; then exhale slowly and completely. The maximum number to count between should be "five", the maximum number of breaths is "ten".
  2. [This exercise is also meant to develop your ability to control your 'deep breathing'.] Choose a long paragraph from a Russian book. Take a deep breath and begin reading the paragraph without stopping at punctuation marks. Read as many words as possible in one breath. Now mark the place where you have stopped and continue reading. Mark the next place you have, stopped and so on until you come to the end of the whole paragraph. Read fairly loudly and at a normal speed.

The small difference in the movement of the speech organs may make the main difference between the English and Russian sounds, thus:

-English voiceless consonants are produced more energetically, [p, t, k] are pronounced with aspiration

- lips are not very rounded or protruded as for some Russian sounds.

- Some vowels ([i:, u:] and the diphthongs) are characterized by a gliding articulation from one vowel element to another, while in Russian no diphthongs could be found, cf eye [ai] (one vowel) — ad [aj] (two vowels).

 




Поиск по сайту:

©2015-2020 studopedya.ru Все права принадлежат авторам размещенных материалов.