Задание 3: Дайте определение контекстуального сокращения. Подберите эквиваленты для следующих контекстуальных сокращений

1. US DV (Diversity Immigrant Visa) program

2. UBD (underbalanced drilling)

3. ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle

4. wRLS (weighted recursive least-squares) method

5. TS (Takagi-Sugeno) fuzzy models

6. VES (viscoelastic surfactant) fracturing liquid

МОДУЛЬ 6

Научно-популярный текст

Лексические замены

Задание 1: Выполните предпереводческий анализ следующего текста. Переведите текст и произведите анализ примененных трансформаций.

Oil’s origin

Crude oil – properly called petroleum – includes natural gas, a flammable fluid usually found with oil. Petroleum is the remains of organic material that was deposited, usually in marine environments, millions of years ago. One seep – a place where oil oozes naturally from the ground – which is located in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, comes from billion-year-old rocks, although most commercial petroleum was generated from rocks that are between 656 million and 213 million years old.

Plants use photosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into organic forms of carbon – carbon bonded with hydrogen and other elements. This carbon becomes the basis for our biosphere – everything living. The details are not all worked out, but here is a Why Files oversimplification of how oil forms from organic carbon.

Die. First you live, and then you …? Right. You die. If you are a marine organism, you drop to the ocean floor. If you are not eaten, you may start to…

Rot. It is the fate of all – or most – flesh. Bacteria decompose you, and you become mere organic gunk on the ocean floor. But before bacteria completely devour you, the mass of sediment piling on top establishes a…

Quarantine. Bacteria need oxygen, sulfur or certain other chemicals to do their eating, and the rain of organic matter – or other forces like thermal or chemical stratification – eventually cuts off the supply of these elements, halting the bacteria in mid-rot. By now, chemical reactions have trimmed off most elements except for carbon and hydrogen – the major components of petroleum. Finally, a small percentage of you becomes a fluid, and you start to…

Go trucking. Oil being lighter than water, you float from the «source rock» into porous «reservoir rock». You may reach the surface and become one of the oil seeps ancient people used to caulk their boats and preserve their dead. But sometimes you…

Jam. Floating upward, you bang your head against an impermeable «cap rock». The cap restrains the oil, making you fair game for wildcatter – an oil driller working unproven fields.

To distill our discussion, oil starts forming when organic junk accumulates and gets covered quickly enough to shut off the supply of chemicals that bacteria need to oxidize the carbon. Otherwise, they will burn it and form carbon dioxide.

Microbes, explains Richard Kettler of the department of geological sciences at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, are ubiquitous. «If there is something to eat, if there is a chemical reaction they can run at a reasonable temperature and pressure, you can almost guarantee there will be a life form that will be using that reaction». And living, he stresses, means devouring the organic matter that would otherwise become oil.

We should mention that while a few renegade scientists claim that petroleum has an inorganic origin, the conventional wisdom, as presented above, is pretty convincing:

We can watch organic sediments accumulating at the bottom of the ocean.

Many chemicals in crude oil have a structure characteristic of molecules with organic origins.

Hopanes, a group of hydrocarbon molecules found in petroleum, are made by bacteria, Kettler notes.

Petroleum may also contain molecules of waxes that land plants use to prevent drying, and many markers of its biological origin.

Finally, there is the linguistic argument: Tack an «e» onto that organic crud drifting down to the sea floor, and you got crude!

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