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Part One THE ENGLISH WORD AS A STRUCTUREСтр 1 из 47Следующая ⇒
И. В. АРНОЛЬД Лексикология современного английского языка Издание третье, переработанное и дополненное Допущено Министерством высшего и среднего специального Сканирование, распознавание, проверка: Аркадий Куракин (ark # mksat. net), сен-2004. Орфография унифицирована к британской. Пропущены страницы:
ББК 81.2 Англ-923 А 84
Рецензент: Кафедра английской филологии Оренбургского государственного педагогического института им. В. П. Чкалова (зав. кафедрой д-р филол. наук Н. А. Шехтман) Арнольд И. В. А 84 Лексикология современного английского языка: Учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Высш. шк., 1986. — 295 с., ил. — На англ. яз. Учебник посвящен слову как основной единице языка, его семантической и морфологической структуре, особенностям английского словообразования и фразеологии. Английская лексика рассматривается как непрерывно развивающаяся система. В 3-м издании (2-е—1973 г.) обновлен теоретический и иллюстративный материал, расширены главы, посвященные теории слова и семасиологии. А 4602010000—443 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 001(01)—86 215-86 4И (Англ) © Издательство «Высшая школа», 1973 © Издательство «Высшая школа», 1986, с изменениями CONTENTS Preface................................................................................................. 6 Abbreviations...................................................................................... 8 Introduction........................................................................................ 9 Chapter 1.Fundamentals............................................................. 9 § 1.1 The Object of Lexicology................................................. 9 § 1.2 The Theoretical and Practical Value of English Lexicology .... 12 § 1.3 The Connection of Lexicology with Phonetics, Stylistics, Grammar and Other Branches of Linguistics..................................... 14 § 1.4 Types of Lexical Units..................................................... 18 § 1.5 The Notion of Lexical System.......................................... 21 § 1.6 The Theory of Oppositions............................................... 25 Part One THE ENGLISH WORD AS A STRUCTURE Chapter 2.Characteristics of the Word as the Basic Unit of Language ... 27 § 2.1 The Definition of the Word.................................................... 27 § 2.2 Semantic Triangle............................................................. 31 § 2.3 Phonetic, Morphological and Semantic Motivation of Words .... 33 Chapter 3.Lexical Meaning and Semantic Structure of English Words ... 37 § 3.1 Definitions.............................................................................. 37 § 3.2 The Lexical Meaning Versus Notion....................................... 42 § 3.3 Denotative and Connotative Meaning..................................... 47 § 3.4 The Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words...................... 50 § 3.5 Contextual Analysis.......................................................... 56 § 3.6 Componential Analysis.................................................... 57 Chapter 4. Semantic Change.............................................................. 60 § 4.1 Types of Semantic Change............................................... 60 § 4.2 Linguistic Causes of Semantic Change.................................... 71 § 4.3 Extralinguistic Causes of Semantic Change............................. 73 Chapter 5.Morphological Structure of English Words. Affixation 77 § 5.1 Morphemes. Free and Bound Forms. Morphological Classification of Words. Word-Families....................................................... 77 § 5.2 Aims and Principles of Morphemic and Word-Formation Analysis . . 81 § 5.3 Analysis into Immediate Constituents............................... 83 § 5.4 Derivational and Functional Affixes................................. 87 § 5.5 The Valency of Affixes and Stems. Word-Building Patterns and Their Meaning............................................................................. 90 § 5.6 Classification of Affixes................................................... 96 § 5.7 Allomorphs........................................................................... 101 § 5.8 Boundary Cases Between Derivation, Inflection and Composition . . 102 § 5.9 Combining Forms............................................................. 104 § 5.10 Hybrids........................................................................... 106 Chapter 6.Compound Words...................................................... 108 § 6.1 Definitions and Introductory Remarks.................................. 108 § 6.2.1 The Criteria of Compounds............................................ 112 § 6.2.2 Semi-Affixes.................................................................. 116 § 6.2.3 “The Stone Wall Problem".............................................. 118 § 6.2.4 Verbal Collocations of the Give Up Type...................... 120 § 6.3 Specific Features of English Compounds.............................. 121 § 6.4.1 Classification of Compounds.............................................. 122 § 6.4.2 Compound Nouns............................................................... 123 § 6.4.3 Compound Adjectives........................................................ 125 § 6.4.4 Compound Verbs............................................................... 126 § 6.5 Derivational Compounds....................................................... 127 § 6.6 Reduplication and Miscellanea of Composition..................... 129 § 6.6.1 Reduplicative Compounds.................................................. 129 § 6.6.2 Ablaut Combinations..................................................... 130 § 6.6.3 Rhyme Combinations.......................................................... 130 § 6.7 Pseudo Compounds........................................................... 131 § 6.8 The Historical Development of English Compounds.............. 131 § 6.9 New Word-Forming Patterns in Composition.................... 133 Chapter 7. Shortened Words and Minor Types of Lexical Oppositions . . . 134 § 7.1 Shortening of Spoken Words and Its Causes..................... 134 § 7.2 Blending............................................................................ 141 § 7.3 Graphical Abbreviations. Acronyms.................................. 142 § 7.4 Minor Types of Lexical Oppositions. Sound Interchange.. 145 § 7.5 Distinctive Stress.................................................................... 147 § 7.6 Sound Imitation...................................................................... 148 § 7.7 Back-Formation...................................................................... 150 Chapter 8. Conversion and Similar Phenomena................................ 153 § 8.1 Introductory Remarks............................................................. 153 § 8.2 The Historical Development of Conversion...................... 155 § 8.3 Conversion in Present-Day English.................................... 156 § 8.4 Semantic Relationships in Conversion............................... 158 § 8.5 Substantivation.................................................................. 161 § 8.6 Conversion in Different Parts of Speech........................... 162 § 8.7 Conversion and Other Types of Word-Formation............. 163 Chapter 9.Set Expressions................................................................ 165 § 9.1 Introductory Remarks. Definitions.................................... 165 § 9.2 Set Expressions, Semi-Fixed Combinations and Free Phrases .... 166 Changeable and Unchangeable Set Expressions................. 166 § 9.3 Classification of Set Expressions............................................ 169 § 9.4 Similarity and Difference between a Set Expression and a Word . . 174 § 9.5 Features Enhancing Unity and Stability of Set Expressions .... 177 § 9.6 Proverbs, Sayings, Familiar Quotations and Clichés.......... 179
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