Методические указания студентам по подготовке к практическим занятиям

Тема 1

Студенты должны знать определения фонетики и фонологии. При изучении методов исследования фонетики и фонологии, особое внимание следует уделить методам исследования фонологии: contrastive and non- contrastive, дистрибуцию фонем и их аллофонов, виды дистрибуции, понятие минимальных пар, фонологических оппозиций, различительных и нерелевантных признаков фонем. Уметь различать функции фонем. Знать историческое развитие фонем и лингвистические школы, которые внесли вклад в развитие теории фонем. Знать понятие основного или типичного оттенка (варианта, аллофона) фонемы, а также виды аллофонов. Знать видоизменения (ассимиляция, аккомодация, элизия) фонем в потоке речи, различать типы ассимиляции. Знать основные принципы орфографии английского языка. Уметь проводить анализ языкового материала, осуществлять поиск и обработку языковых данных, применять теоретические знания на практическом материале

1.Phonetics and Phonology. Segmental and Suprasegmental Phonetics. Methods of investigation in Phonetics and Phonology. Practical application of Phonetics.

2.Four aspects of a speech sound. The main functions of segmental units.

3.Phoneme theory in different linguistic schools. Realization of phonemes in Speech. Allophones and variations.

4.Articulatory Transitions of Vowel and Consonants Phonemes.

5.English Segmental Phonemes in Writing.

Assignments.

1. Describe three English vowels and three consonants according to their distinctive and non-distinctive features.

2. Read the words. Pay attention to the allophonic difference of one and the same phoneme.

/t/

Aspirated: take, tall, tone

Unaspirated: steak, stall, stone

No audible release: outpost, halfpin, football, white chalk

Nasal release: cotton, button, eaten, utmost

Lateral release: cattle, atlas, at last

/d/

Partly devoiced: do, dog, day

Voiced: leader, order, murder

Voiceless: bid, mad, road

No audible release: good dog, bed time, good cheese

Nasal release: admit, road map, red map

Lateral release: middle, headless, badly, good luck

/k/

Aspirated: come, car, coal

Unaspirated: baker, talking, equal, secret

No audible release: locked, deck chair, blackboard, dark night, black magic, begged

Lateral release: glow, bugle, struggle

Voiceless: dog, leg, vague

Partly devoiced: go, geese, girl, glass

Voiced: figure, eager, ago, begin

3. Describe the allophonic differences of the vowel phonemes /i:, ı, e, æ, a:, ɔ, ɔ:, u, u:, Λ, ə:, ə/ in these words.

No. 1 /i:/

Easily, sea, we, meals, cheaper, tree, fever, sleet, speaker, he, teach, keep, sheep

No. 2 /ı/

In, ill, big, pit, silly, middle, shilling, thing, rivers, lived, hill

No. 3 /e/

Help, bed, ten, said, pence, weather, eleven, anyway, them, very, dead, debt

No. 4 /æ/

Bad, plan, sad, exam, natural, imagine, shallow, strand, channel, Jack, hats, pal, cab

No. 5 /a:/

Bar, far, started, dancing, large, grass, half, harbour, card, yard

No. 6 /ɔ/

O’clock, body, watch, solid, nodded, crop, coughing, shocked, long, dollar, bomb, John, gone, yonder, hot, pot

No. 7 /ɔ:/

Bore, door, talk, though, sorts, shore, record, water, George, altogether, norm, fall, more

No. 8 /u/

Put, books, would, took, looked, soot, room, should, awfully, goodbye, cook

No. 9 /u:/

Blue, beautiful, move, food, soon, ruined, cool, hoof , boot, chew, shoe, too

No. 10 /Λ/

Bus, must, nothing, funny, summer, instructor, luck, just, come, chuckle, wonderful, vulgar, thunder, thus, shut

No. 11 /ə:/

Bird, turned, girl, sir, heard, Sherlock, workers, Germany, churches, curly, nurse, dirt, year, murky, purr

No. 12 /ə/

Along, about, upon, to see, perhaps, summer, August, London, desolate, condition, consist, speaker, letter, never, anxious, human

4. Explain the diacritic function of the graphemes <e>, <r>, <ss>, <rr>, <tt>, <nn> by comparing these pairs of words.

a)man – mane hear – he pope – pore

met – mete her – hen bar – bare

sit – site sir – sit sort – sour

b) Tony – bonny lazy – lassie

car – carry noted – knotted

mar – merry wrote – rotten

her – hurry later – latter

cut – cutter fuse – fussy

5. Prove by minimal pairs that /θ – s/, /θ – t/, /ð – z/, /ð – d/ are different phonemes.

Literature:

Соколова М.А. и др. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка.- 3-е изд., стер.- М.: Владос, 2006.- 286с. МОРФ

Sokolova M.A., Gintovit K. and others. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. M., 1991. pp.6-15, 33-49

Тема 2.

Студенты должны знать классификацию гласных по устойчивости артикуляции, по ряду и подъему, по положению губ, долготе и напряжению, а также классификацию английских согласных по работе голосовых связок и силе артикуляции, по активным и пассивным органам речи, по типу артикуляционной природы или характеру шума.

Обратить внимание на разногласия в классификации гласных и согласных между русскими и зарубежными учеными, разногласия в количестве дифтонгов и аффрикатов в английском языке, различия в трактовке проблемы нейтрализации фонем в различных фонологических школах. Уметь сопоставлять английские гласные и согласные с русскими и трудности, возникающие у учащихся в процессе артикуляции английских гласных и согласных. Знать теорию оппозиций Н.С. Трубецкого и применять на практике.

1. Articulatory and Physiological Classification of English Consonants.

2. Articulatory and Physiological Classification of English Vowels.

3. Distinctive and non-distinctive features of English vowels.

4. Distinctive and non-distinctive features of English consonants.

5. N.S. Trubetskoy’s system of oppositions

Assignments.

1. Find in the text three oppositions of consonants and two oppositions of vowels and analyze them from the point of view:

а)of their position in the system of oppositions;

б)of the relation between the members of the oppositions;

в)of their functional value.

6. Read these pairs of words. State what principles of vowel classification they illustrate.

(a) cod – cord (b) end – and (c) fir – for

not – nought ten – tan firm – form

cot – caught hem – ham turn – torn

body – border kettle – cattle bird – bord

(d) fool – full (e) am – aim (f) nor – no

pool - pull add – aid law – low

food – put man – main called – cold

tool – lad lad – laid bald – bold

boot – book fat – fate caught – coat

7. What minimal distinctive feature (or features) makes these oppositions phonologically relevant?

a) cap – cab sent – send leak – league

pack – back ton – don coal – goal

caper – labour latter – ladder decree – degree

b) pee – fee tie – sigh do – zoo

supper – suffer attend – ascend raider – razor

leap – leak park – part rude – ruse

c) till – chill day – jay share – chair

martyr – marcher murder – merger much – marsh

eat – each lard – large furnisher – furniture

d) thigh – shy Ruth – ruche root – rouge

save – shave presser – pressure mass – mash

ruse – rouge

e) bad – mad dock – knock rigging – ringing

arbour – armour eddy – any log – long

rub – rum bad – ban

8. Sort out the oppositions under the following headings: (a) labial vs. fore-lingual; (b) labial vs. medio-lingual, (c) labial vs. back-lingual.

Pat – cat wield – yield man – nap

Supper – succour wail – Yale coming – cunning

Leap – leak seem – seen

9. Sort out the oppositions under the following headings: (a) occlusive vs. constrictive, (b) constrictive vs. occlusive-constrictive, (c)noise vs. sonorants, (d) unicentral vs. bicentral, (e) flat narrowing vs. round narrowing.

pine – fine work – jerk vain – lane

fare – chare bee – thee came – lame

boat – moat deed – need fame – same

seek – seen thine – wine sick – sing

kick – king

10. Underline the letters, which represent in spelling the “dark” [ł] with one line and the “clear” [l] with two lines in the words given below.

Felt, hills, always, least, holiday, letter, plans, like, soil, total, gentle, little, left, explain, slack, coloured, lightheaded, small, people, hostel, sleep, believe, lit, reply, model, hotel, article, lasted, longer, looked, lunch, will, special, restful, laughed, long, low, smile, nearly, usual, led, final, place, deal, clapping, fell, loudest

11. State what classificatory principles can be illustrated by the groups of pairs given below (consonants opposed initially).

Pin – bin, pack – back, pie – bye, tie – die

Pen – ten, been – dean

Pole – coal, bait – gait

Fee – we, fell – well

Fee – he

Sob – rob, seal – reel, sole – role, sip – rip, sight – right

Pity – city, pay – say, pail – sail, pole – sole, peel – seal

Pine – mine, debt – net, kick – nick

Fell – well, those – rose, soul – role, sip – rip, sight – right

Fell – well, fee – we

Fail – sail, fee – see, foot – soot, fat – sat, fell – sell

12. Arrange these words under the headings: (1) lateral plosion, (2) nasal plosion, (3) absence of plosion (two plosionless stops).

Actor, curdles, muddle, needless, mottled, Britain, begged, oughtn’t, at last, what kind, admit, back to back, madness, witness, big books, partner, slept, cotton, great numbers, sudden, captain, top coat, red light, black goat, ripe cheese, huddle, at night, good looks

13. Write out: (a) initially weak (finally strong) and (b) finally weak (initially strong) consonants.

Sit, lame, back, miss, sack, gave, tip, tide, top, late, mad, made, nine, till, cake, thick, bat, pin, pine, hate, act, ice, plot, face, hid, fate, stamp, spot, pile, land, mist, mole, mark, gold, cap, nose, fix, harm, merry, horn, start, form

Literature:

Соколова М.А. и др. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка.- 3-е изд., стер.- М.: Владос, 2006.- 286с. МОРФ

Sokolova M.A., Gintovit K. and others. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. M., 1991. pp.50-82

Vassilyev V.A. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course./ V.A.Vassilyev – M., 1970. pp.182-214

Тема 3.

Студенты должны знать и уметь определять функции слога в речи, слогообразующие звуки в английском языке, составные части слога, типы слогов по из началу и концу (прикрытые, неприкрытые, закрытые, открытые), по длительности (долгие, краткие) и по их акцентному весу (ударные, безударные), структуру слога в английском языке, возможные положения и сочетания гласных и согласных в начале и конце. Знать основные теории слога в применении к английскому языку (экспираторная теория, теория сонорности, теория Л.В. Щербы о слоге как дуге общего произносительного усилия и о сильноконечных, слабоконечных и двухвершинных согласных) и уметь иллюстрировать и объяснять на примерах.

1. The syllabic structure of English. The acoustic theories of the syllable. The sonority theory by O. Jesperson. The loudness theory by A.Zhinkin.

2. The articulatory theories of the syllable. The expiratory theory by H.Sweet. The syllable division theory by F.de Saussure. The muscular tention theory by L.Shcherba.

3. The functional theories of the syllable. Types of juncture.

Assignments.

Choose several words and analyze their syllabic structure according to articulatory, acoustic and functional theories.

Show on some other examples that juncture fulfils its distinctive function.

1. (a) Divide these words into phonetic syllables. (b) Give their syllabic structural patterns.

People, bugle, satchel, trifle, rhythm, April, equal, happens, marbles, patterns, dragons, urgent, servant, listened, heralds, errands, parents, tangents, patients, servants, scaffolds

2. Define the number of syllables in these words according to the sonority theory.

Alone, female, unfortunate, insufficient, machine, unimportant, yesterday, aristocracy, appetite, remarkable, solecism, misunderstand, interiority, window, tomato, satisfactory, electrification

3. Divide these words into a) morphographs, b) syllabographs. Transcribe them to illustrate phonemic references to syllabographs.

Curing, fires, cheerless, cured, occurred, stirring, stirred, pining, pined, worker, working, worked, thoroughly, culture, nation, city, redder, cheering

1. Transcribe these words. Show the phonemic reference of digraphs and polygraphs.

Aid, fairy, said, fountain, portrait, villain, straight, August, sauce, laugh, authority, taught, east, tea, delay, beige, threepence, leopard, people, freight, weigh

5. Analyse these words from the viewpoint of phonetic and orthographic syllable division; transcribe and divide them into syllabographs.

Work, working, worker, pined, pining, stirring, occurred, cured, cheerless, curing, cheering, firing, redder, nation, culture, thoroughly

6. Divide these words into phonemic syllables.

Comfortable, cottage, orchard, ground, kitchen, pantry, study, several, upstairs, bedroom, nursery, bathroom, furniture, modern, own, electricity, January, February, August, September, October, November, December, Wednesday, Thursday, Tuesday

7. Divide these words into syllabographs (where possible).

Parents, fire, plural, rural, dinner, marry, disappear, speaking, writing, playing, walking, walking, standing, passing, breakfast, potatoes, tomatoes, coffee, cabbage, bananas, berries, pudding, pears, beer, shopping, ironing, housework, mistake, fishing

Literature:

Соколова М.А. и др. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка.- 3-е изд., стер.- М.: Владос, 2006.- 286с. МОРФ

Sokolova M.A., Gintovit K. and others. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. M., 1991. pp. 94-100

Vassilyev V.A. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course./ V.A.Vassilyev – M., 1970. pp.229-257

Тема 4.

Студенты должны знать понятие словесного ударения, различать его виды (силовое или динамическое, количественное или квантитативное; качественное или квалитативное). Уметь характеризовать словесное ударение с точки зрения его акустико-физиологической природы и восприятия, с точки зрения его места в словах и их грамматических формах (свободное и фиксированное). Различать степени словесного ударения в английском языке (главное, второстепенное, третьестепенное и слабое или отсутствие ударения. Знать факторы, определяющие место и различную степень ударения: рецессивная, ретентивная тенденции и семантический фактор. Определять сильные и слабые формы служебных слов. Знать понятие интонации, её компоненты и функции, обозначение интонаций в письменной речи. Уметь использовать в речи конститутивную, дистинктивную и рекогнитивную функции интонации в целом и её отдельных компонентов.

1. Word stress. Types of word stress. Tendencies in English word stress.

2. Prosodic features of English. Pitch. Terminal Tones. Distinctive features of terminal tones. Tones and allotones. Realization of prosodic phonemes in speech.

3. Prosodic features of English and their distinctive functions. Sentence stress. Pausation. Rhythm. Tempo. Voice quality.

Assignments.

1. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the peculiar feature of the English unstressed vocalism.

Latchkey, simplicity, protest (n), skylark, pantheon, bulldog, outdoor, dining-room, into, mildew, woodcut, heart-burn, humpback, highway, simplify, highbrow, convoy, rainbow, raincoat, underwear, armature

2. Read these sentences. Make the auxiliary and modal verbs that begin sentences stressed to show greater interest.

1. 'Does it matter? Does it matter? 2. 'Is he going to come? Is he 'going to come? 3.'Do you like oranges? Do you 'like oranges? 4. 'Can you have an after'noon off? Can you have an after'noon off? 5. 'Could they help it? Could they help it?

3. Find in the text words representing different tendencies in English word stress.

4. Choose several sentences and prove that pitch fulfils its distinctive function.

5. Choose several sentences and prove that prosodic features fulfill their distinctive function.

6. Intone and read these statements. Define the attitude with which you read them.

1. He lives in Kiev. 2. He has two brothers. 3. I can’t bear Mary.4. The price is five dollars. 5. I shall come at five. 6. I haven’t made up my mind yet. 7. I want to help you. 8. It’s a pity you forgot about my letter.

7. Read the following sentence with the six nuclear tones. State the attitudinal function of each tone.

Why did Mr. Smith intend to paint his house?

8. Read these pairs of words. Translate them into Russian, mind the semantic importance of word stress (distinctive and recognitive function).

`blackboard - `black `board `overwork - `over `work

`blackbird - `black `bird `yellow-cup - `yellow `cup

`strongbox - `strong `box `tallboy - `tall `boy

9. Transcribe these words. Single out the pairs of phonemes in which /ə/ alternates with the vowel of full formation in the unstressed position.

Armour (броня) - army (армия)

Allusion (намек) - illusion (иллюзия)

Tell’em (скажи им) - tell him (скажи ему)

Sitter (живая натура) - city (город)

Forward (передний) - foreword (предисловие)

Experiment (опыт) - experiment (экспериментировать)

Some (некоторое количество) - some (некоторый, какой-то)

That (который – относительное - that (тот – указательное

местоимение) местоимение)

Variety (разнообразие) - various (различный)

Estimable (достойный уважения) - estimate (оценивать)

Literature:

Соколова М.А. и др. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка.- 3-е изд., стер.- М.: Владос, 2006.- 286с. МОРФ

Sokolova M.A., Gintovit K. and others. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. M., 1991. pp.113-152

Vassilyev V.A. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course./ V.A.Vassilyev – M., 1970. pp.286-322

Тема 5.

Студенты должны знать понятия национального языка, варианта, регионального стандарта, диалекта, акцента, основные варианты английского языка, британский английский (ВЕ), основные социальные и территориальные диалекты Великобритании, американский английский (АЕ): региональные варианты АЕ и их география, факторы, оказывающие влияние на региональные особенности произношения, характерные особенности согласных звуков в General American, вариативное звучание стандартного американского произношения, основные отличия в артикуляции и дистрибуции гласных АЕ, проблема описания системы дифтонгов в АЕ, rhotic/ non-rhotic regional standards, ударение в АЕ, основные интонационные контуры АЕ. Австралийский английский (AuE): варианты AuE и истоки данного варианта английского языка, система гласных, ее отличия от Received Pronunciation, интонационные образцы, фразовое ударение, темп и ритм в AuE. Канадский английский (CE): развитие данного варианта английского языка, системы гласных и согласных звуков СЕ, АЕ и ВЕ, акцентная структура слов в СЕ, интонационная структура СЕ. Студент должен уметь иллюстрировать данные различия в небольших текстах.

1. Received pronunciation in British English. Changes in the Standard.

2. National varieties of English. National standards of pronunciation in British, American, Canadian, and Australian English.

3. British dialects: Southern (Southern, East Anglia, South-West accents), Northern and Midland (Northern, Yorkshire, North-West, West Midland).

Assignments.

Pick out a paragraph of about 100 words from a text and read it out loud as it may sound in three or more British dialects.

Соколова М.А. и др. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка.- 3-е изд., стер.- М.: Владос, 2006.- 286с. МОРФ

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