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D. Crystal distinguishes the following functions of intonation

Intonation: approaches, definitions, functions

Intonation is a language universal. There are no languages which are spoken without any change of prosodic parameters but intonation functions in various languages in a different way.

There is no general agreement about either the number or the headings of the functions of intonation which can be illustrated by the difference in the approach to the subject by some prominent Russian phoneticians. T.M. Nikolayeva names three functions of intonation: delimitating, integrating and semantic. L.K. Tseplitis suggests the semantic, syntactic and stylistic functions the former being the primary and the two latter being the secondary functions. N.V. Cheremisina singles out the following main functions of intonation: communicative, distinctive (or phonological), delimitating, expressive, appellative, aesthetic, integrating. Other Russian and foreign phoneticians also display some difference in heading the linguistic functions of intonation.

D. Crystal distinguishes the following functions of intonation.

• Emotional function's most obvious role is to express attitudinal meaning -sarcasm, surprise, reserve, impatience, delight, shock, anger, interest, and thousands of other semantic nuances.

• Grammatical function helps to identify grammatical structure in speech, performing a role similar to punctuation. Units such as clause and sentence often depend on intonation for their spoken identity, and several specific contrasts, such as question/statement, make systematic use of it.

• Informational function helps draw attention to what meaning is given and what is new in an utterance. The word carrying the most prominent tone in a contour signals the part of an utterance that the speaker is treating as new information.

• Textual function helps larger units of meaning than the sentence to contrast and cohere. In radio news-reading, paragraphs of information can be shaped through the use of pitch. In sports commentary, changes in prosody reflect the progress of the action.

• Psychological function helps us to organize speech into units that are easier to perceive and memorize. Most people would find a sequence of numbers, for example, difficult to recall. The task is made easier by using intonation to chunk the sequence into two units.

• Indexical function, along with other prosodic features, is an important marker of personal or social identity. Lawyers, preachers, newscasters, sports commentators, army sergeants, and several other occupations are readily identified through their distinctive prosody.

 

Communicative function as the basic function of intonation

Intonation is functional, i.e. it is used in a language for particular purposes and is never merely decorative. Within any language intonation is systemic: different speakers tend to use the same patterns for the same purposes. If the speaker uses wrong intonation he can easily slip in accent or can ever be misunderstood.

Intonation is a powerful means of human communication. It has a great value for expressing ideas and emotions and contributes to mutual understanding between people. One of the aims of communications is the exchange of information between people. The meaning of the English utterance, i. e. the information it conveys to a listener, derives not only from the grammatical structure, the lexical composition and the sound pattern. It also derives from variations of intonation, in other words the prosodic parameters of the utterance.

It can be argued that since intonation is viewed as a powerful means of communication, its basic function is communicative. It follows from this that it is impossible to divorce any function of intonation from that of communication. Now matter how many functions are named, all of them may be regarded as the realization of the communicative function.

The communicative function of intonation embraces its numerous uses, which can be grouped in the following way: the use of intonation to distinguish meanings and the use of intonation to organize, or structure the oral text.

 

 




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