ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ. Berschied E., Peplau L. A

Berschied E., Peplau L. A. The emergingscience of relationships. — In: H. H. Kelly, E. Berschied, A. Christensen, J. H. Harvey, T.L.Huston, G. Levinger, E. McClintock, L. A. Peplau, D. R. Peterson (Eds.). Close relationships. — New York, W. H. Freeman, 1983, 1-19.

Обобщающая работа по современным исследованиям и теориям интимных взаимоотношений.

Coleman С., Ganong L. H. Love and sex role stereotypes: Do macho men and feminine women make better lovers? — Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1985,49( 1 ), 170-176.

Исследовано влияние сексуально-ролевой ориентации на чувства и поведение, связываемые с любовью.

Dunn J., Munn P. Becoming a family member: Family conflict and the development of social understanding. — Child Development, 1985, 56, 480-492.

Показано раннее возникновение привязанностей и конфликтов у детей и понимание ими эмоций, выражаемых в семье.

Hatfield E., Schmitz E., Cornelius J., Rapson R. L. Passionate love: How early does it begin? — Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 1988, 1(1), 35-51.

Обзор теорий и исследований, посвященных романтической либо страстной любви. Сделана попытка определить страстную любовь. Обсуждается роль психологического возбуждения, положительных и отрицательных эмоций.

Stenberg R. A triangular theory of love. — Psychological Review, 1985, 93, 119-135.

Теория любви, в которой страсти, интимности и привязанности.отводится роль динамических факторов, используемых для объяснения природы любовных взаимоотношений.

White G· L., FishbeinS., Rutstein J. Passionate love and the misattribution of arousal.— Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1981, 41, 56-62.

Исследование воздействия несексуального романтического возбуждения на романтические чувства и сексуальную привлекательность.

Эпилог

В последней работе, посвященной роли эмоций в эволюции человека, автор определил их как «специфические состояния, сформированные естественным отбором, способствующие адаптации в специфических ситуациях» (Messe, 1990, р. 261). Автор, следом за другими процитированными выше учеными, утверждает, что специфические эмоции, и в частности их нейронный, поведенческий и переживательный компоненты, повышают способность индивидуума распоряжаться возможностями, соответствовать требованиям и противостоять угрозам социальной и физической среды.

Этот учебник во многом испытал на себе влияние эволюционистской точки зрения, в нем я попытался представить теоретические и экспериментальные данные, подтверждающие идею о том, что эмоции сыграли весьма важную роль в эволюции человека, что они продолжают играть существенную роль в индивидуальном развитии человека, помогают ему адаптироваться к изменчивым условиям жизни. Эмоции выполняют эти функции благодаря своей способности организовывать и мотивировать когнитивные процессы и поведение, необходимые для эффективного взаимодействия индивида со средой.

Старое представление об эмоциях как эпифеноменальных, преходящих состояниях, не подлежащих научному исследованию, уже неприемлемо. На смену ему пришел функциональный подход, который расширяет наши знания об эмоциях, побуждает к исследованию их характеристик и функций. К счастью, функциональный подход начинает получать распространение и среди нейрофизиологов, исследования которых станут фундаментом науки, связывающей воедино эмоции и функции конкретных мозговых структур и процессов.

На сегодняшний день выработаны общие подходы к некоторым центральным вопросам теории эмоций. Так, например, достигнуто общее согласие по четырем важнейшим теоретическим посылкам. Во-первых, общепризнанно, что эмоциональная экспрессия выполняет важные коммуникативные функции, что особенно очевидно проявляется в раннем детстве. Во-вторых, все ученые согласны с тем, что эмоциональные переживания влияют на восприятие, мышление и поведение. В-третьих, эмоции лежат в основе социальных связей и являются интегральными составляющими теории темперамента и личности. В-четвертых, исследование эмоций и их функций в различных возрастных группах необходимо не только для понимания нормального развития личности, но также для диагностики и лечения психических нарушений. Эмпирические исследования, все более многочисленные и разнообразные, подтверждают истинность этих четырех посылок, на которых построены все основные теории эмоций.

В заключение несколько слов о позитивных эмоциях. Уже давно психологи предполагали, что позитивные эмоции таят в себе целительные силы широкого спектра, применимые как в отношении физического самочувствия, так и в смысле повышения эффективности интеллектуальной деятельности. Теперь эти предположения уже нельзя считать абстрактной гипотезой. В данном учебнике представлены надежные доказательства, подтверждающие догадку о том, что позитивные эмоции способствуют целому ряду конструктивных психологических свойств, таких как креативность, альтруистическое поведение и др.

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