Chronology of the Formation and Development of Computer in Ukraine

The possibility of mechanizing certain forms of logical reasoning was presented, and demonstrated with a simple machine, by A.N.Shchukarev. Kharkiv Technological Institute.

The p-n transition was experimentally discovered by V.E.Lashkariov, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. This principle was later independently discovered by American scientists and used in the development of the transistor.

The basic structure and principles of constructing a universal stored-program electronic computer were developed (independently from American and British scientists) by S.A.Lebedev. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

"MESM", the first digital electronic computer in the USSR and in the Continental Europe was formally recognised by the State Committee. S.A.Lebedev, L.N.Dashevskyi, E.A.Shkabara. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. The principles of construction and architecture for matrix and vector processor were developed.

The first specialized electronic computer in Ukraine for solving systems of linear algebraic equations was created. S.A.Lebedev, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Z.L.Rabinovich, Y.V.Blagovishchenskiy, etc. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1952-1956).

"Kiev", the first asynchronous computer in Ukraine to use the address programming language was developed. B.V.Gnedenko, V.M.Glushkov, V.S.Koroliuk, E.L.Yushchenko, L.N.Dashevskiy, E.A.Shkabara, S.B.Pogrebynskiy. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1954-1957).

"Dnepr", the first semiconductor-based multipurpose control computer in the USSR and Ukraine was developed (1958-1961). It was approved for serial production by the State Commission on December 9, 1961. The birth of "Dnepr" was the catalyst for building the first major computer-producing plant in the USSR, known as "Electronmash". "Dnepr" was manufactured for more than 10 years, with over 500 units produced for use in many of the earliest industrial control systems, also in research and other areas. V.M.Glushkov, B.N.Malinovsky, A.G.Kukharchuk, etc. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. "Electronmash". In 1977 the State prize of Ukraine was awarded to a rocket engine testing system based on "Dnepr" (B.N.Malinovsky and employees of the Pivdennyi machine-building plant). Theory of digital automatons was developed which became a theoretical basis for computer development. V.M.Glushkov. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1961).

Glushkov was awarded the Lenin prize for his monograph "Synthesis of digital automatons" and a number of other works in this field (1964).

A patent was awarded for the step-based microprogram control. It was implemented in computers of the "MIR" family. V.M.Glushkov. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

Parabolic interpolation for system "Avangard" for the automated cutting of ship hull's details. Chief designer, G.A.Mikhailov. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

The first computers in the USSR designed for engineering computations were developed. The models were called "Promin" (1964), "MIR1" (1965), "MIR2" (1969) and "MIR3" (1972). They went into mass production at the Electronmash plant and were the predecessors of personal computers V.M.Glushkov, S.B.Pogrebynskiy, A.O.Letichevskiy, Y.V.Blagovishchenskiy, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. 1968 State Prize of the USSR. "Electronmash".

"Autooperator", the first digital regulator in the USSR was developed and built. E.T.Belikov. Scientific-production association (SPA) "Impulse".

The idea for circuit implementation of high-level languages was first suggested and implemented in the "Ukraine" computer project. V.M.Glushkov, Z.L.Rabinovich, A.A.Stogniy, etc. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

"Dnepr-2", the first information-controlling managing system for computer control systems in Ukraine was developed. (1964-1967). V.M.Glushkov, A.A.Stogniy, A.G.Kukharchuk. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, "Electronmash".

"Kiev 67" and "Kiev 70", unique specialized computers for automation of designing and BIC manufacturing were created. V.P.Derkach and others. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. (1965-1970).

Digital tools of industrial engineering systems were developed (in the SPA "Impulse"), and serial production began of a family of models M6000 - M7000 ASVT M, which became the basis for building controlling process systems in all spheres of the economy and some military areas of the USSR. During ten years, the Kyiv plant of computer controlling machines, Severodonetsk Instrument Plant and Tbilisi plant of controlling computers produced over 18,000 M6000 systems, the basis for developing more than 15,000 controlling systems. A.A.Novohatniy, V.V.Rezanov etc. SPA"Impulse." State Prize of USSR (1979).

The series of specialized and key-driven mini computers "Iskra" was developed and produced. The Ostrovskyi prize (1968). G.I.Kornienko, B.G.Mudla, S.S.Zabara. The Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. "Schetmash" plant, Kursk (Russia).

"Kashtan" computers for automated fabric cutting in accordance with specified design were put into production. Y.A.Pavlenko. "Electronmash".

The first microcalculator in Ukraine and the Soviet Union with 4 large-scale integrated circuits was developed and put into mass production. S.A.Moraliov, L.F.Marakhovskiy. Kyiv Research and production "Crystal" Company.

12 types of on-board computers (including radiation resistant models) were developed and manufactured for use in strategic rocket-space systems. Lenin Prize, State Prize of the USSR, State Prize of Ukraine. (1967-1989) A.I.Krivonosov, B.E.Vasilenko and others. Kharkiv Research and Production Company "Khartron", Kyiv Radioplant.

The "Carat" series (4 models) of very reliable specialised computers were developed and put into mass production. These computers were used for weapons and control systems in navy ships and submarines, including atomic ships. The computers were also applied for navigation purposes on trade ships and on atomic ice-breakers. "Carat" computers were incorporated within 60 different systems. V.N.Plotnikov, V.I.Dolgov, G.E.Gai and others. Kyiv Research Institute for Radioelectronics, "Burevesnik" plant (1969-1989).

The control and measurement system "Bars" was developed and a small number were produced. Gold medal of Dresden exhibition. V.I.Skurikhin, A.A.Morozov. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

"UPO-1", the first minicomputer in the Ukraine went into small-scale production. It was the primary processing unit used in measurement systems. B.N.Malinovsky,V.S.Kalenchuk, P.M.Sivachenko. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Zhytomyr plant "Izmeritel".

The "Encyclopedia of Cybernetics" was published - a worldwide first. Academician V.M.Glushkov, A.I.Kukhtenko, B.N. Malinovsky and others. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

Specialized key-driven computers "Mria", "Chaika", "Moskva", "Neptun" were developed and produced, starting from 1970. G.S.Golodnyak, V.N.Petrunek, G.T.Makarov etc., Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Plants of the Ministry of Defence.

The powerful universal computer "M4030" was developed and produced. State prize of the Ukrainian SSR (1971-1973). A.F.Nezabitovskiy, S.S.Zabara. "Electronmash", Kyiv.

The USSR's first random access memory (RAM) was developed. (1024 32-bit number to the cycle of 1 ms). A.D.Beh, L.F.Danko, B.S.Ilyushin, E.G.Kretkov, V.M.Korsunsky, B.I.Pavlus, V.N.Pozy, V.I.Plahotny, M.A.Tereshin, V.V.Chernetsky. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

The mass production of large-scale integrated circuits began in Ukraine, for the first time in the former Soviet Union and Europe. S.A.Moralev, K.M.Krolevets, V.P.Belyavsky. Kyiv Research and production "Crystal" Company.

The USSR's first series of micro-computers was designed and produced, called "Electronika C5" (C5-1, C5-11, C5-21). V.P.Tsvetov, V.Kuznetsov, A.F.Dryapak, Ministry of Electronics Industry of the USSR. B.N.Malinovsky, A.V.Palagin, A.F.Kurgaev. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

Principles for constructing computer capable of recursion were presented, for the first time in the world. V.M.Glushkov, V.A.Miasnikov, I.B.Ignatiev. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

The USSR's first autonomous transportation robot TAIR was developed. It was a three-wheeled motorized vehicle, equipped with a system of sensors, able to move in a natural environment, avoiding obstacles. It was managed by a hardwired neural network. Nikolay Amosov, V.M.Belov, E.M.Kussul. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

"Neva", the specialized computer for digital communication systems was developed in cooperation with GDR (German Democratic Republic), and produced by GDR industry. A.G.Kukharchuk. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, "Robotron", GDR.

"M 180" ("Sokol"), the first mini computer in Ukraine was developed and produced in small numbers. It was used by the Academy of Sciences of USSR and other institutions to automate laboratory experiments. Ostrovskyi prize (1981). L.B.Malinovsky, V.S.Kalenchuk, N.I.Alishov, Y.S.Yakovlev and others. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

Mini computer "SOU-1" was developed. V.P.Denisenko, S.D.Pogorely, Korolev Production Association, B.N.Malinovsky, A.V.Palagin, Yu.S.Yakovlev, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Silver Medal USSR National Economy.

Ukraine's first signal processor for digital signal processing was developed. M.V.Semotyuk. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

New series of computers CM (12 types) were created by SPA "Impulse". They replaced computers Ì6000-Ì7000. A.A.Novokhatniy, V.V.Ryazanov, others. State Prize of UkSSR (1979)

A specialized series of computers called "Cycle" were designed and manufactured. They were used for controlling the production of blades for gas turbine engines. G.I.Kornienko, Y.T.Mitulinsky etc. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR State Prize of the USSR (1976).

System for engineering of computer systems was developed. It was used in a number of organizations in the USSR. (1975-1977). V.M.Glushkov, Y.V.Kapitonova etc., Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Ministry of Radio Industry. State Prize of the USSR (1977).

Mini computer "Processor" was developed. A.V.Palagin, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. V.P.Denisenko, S.D.Pogorely. Korolev Production Association.

Development of "Sector", a new form of interface between computer hardware components. V.B.Reutov. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Microcomputer "UVS-01" was developed. A.V.Kobylinsky, A.V.Palagin, S.D.Pogorely. "Crystal", Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Korolev Production Association.

"Simvol", the first alphanumeric graphic terminal with digital storage on a standard cassette in USSR was developed and produced. L.B.Malinovsky, I.M.Smetanin, A.I.Shikarev, V.N.Knyazev. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Cherkassy plant of telegraph equipment.

"Neuron", the first system of microcomputers in Ukraine was developed and produced in large numbers, along with debugging tools CO-01-CO-04. B.N.Malinovsky, O.V.Palagin, S.D.Pogorelyi, V.I.Sigalov, A.I.Slobodianiuk and others. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Ministry of industry and communication means of USSR. Prize of the Ukrainian SSR O.V.Palagin, S.D.Pogorelyi and others (1984).

A super powerful multiprocessor system on reconfigurable architecture (ASVT-PS) was created and produced. The model called PS 2000 , followed by PS 2100 (1.5 billion oper./sec) and PS 3000 (3 billion oper./sec). They were used for systems geophysical mineral exploration and a number of unique systems for military purpose. From 1981 to 1989, 150 PS 2000 complexes were produced by "Impulse". A.A.Novohatny, V.V.Rezanov etc. "Impulse", Severodonetsk (1965-1980). State Prize of UkSSR (1979).

The mass production of computing systems SM3 and SM4 for small computers systems began. A.F.Nezabitovsky, V.A.Afanasiev, S.S.Zabara. "Electronmash". State Prize of USSR (1981).

"Zvezda" computing system was developed. It was a high-speed computer for hydroacoustic information processing. O.M.Aleshchenko, V.Y.Lapiy, V.V.Kramskiy. Kyiv Research Institute "Hydroprybor". State Prize of the USSR Yu.V.Burau, O.M.Aleschenko etc. (1988).

Unique specialized on-board computers "MIG1", "MIG11", "MIG12", and "MIG13" were developed and produced They were used for controlling systems of space vehicles without any previous calculation of trajectory. G.S.Golodniak, V.N.Petrunek. Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR. Enterprises of Ministry of Defence. State prize of the USSR (1984).

Dvelopment and production of compatible microprocessor series of personal computers: EC 1840, EC 1841, EC 1842, for offline use in local and global networks for a wide range of scientific, technical, economic, special problems, problems of management and record keeping. Y.S.Yakovlev, F.A.Tsventuh, N.V.Nesterenko, B.V.Novikov, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Production in Minsk (Belarus).

Computer "Delta" - a specialized computer system for the collection and processing of telemetry data, and control of aerospace experiments was developed. Used for processing data received from Halley's Comet, as well as data on the radionuclides situation after the accident at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl. M.I.Dianov, V.I.Dianov. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Development of a real-time processor PRV, used to create four digital systems of control gas puffing, positioning and the plasma parameters in TOKOMAK type thermonuclear facilities in Leningrad, Kharkov and Sukhumi, Moscow and Kharkov PTI It was also used in two international projects developing an experimental thermonuclear reactor (ITER). V.F.Gubarev, V.P.Boyun. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

A series of specialized computers was created and produced for preflight testing of ships, hydrofoils, for complex boundary sea trials of ships in the Navy, and for the monitoring and diagnosis of aircraft. State Prize of Ukraine. B.G.Mudla, V.I.Dianov, M.I.Dianov, V.F.Berdnikov, A.I.Kanivets, O.M.Shaleyko. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Plants of Ministry of Defence.

Unique super-productive systems ES-2701 and ES-1766 were designed, created and produced in small numbers. At the time, they had no counterparts in the USSR or abroad. Maximum number of processors was 256. Maximum capability - 500 million operations per second. V.M.Glushkov, V.S.Michalevich, S.B.Pogrebynskiy, A.A.Letichevskiy, Y.V.Kapitonova, I.M.Molchanov. The Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Ministry of the radio-building industry of USSR.

A system of modules for professional guidance (10 types) for a family of personal computers ES was developed. Modules are functionally and structurally finished products with software support. They are installed in the base unit or expansion unit. Used to link the PC to the object with component interface when building automatic systems for researching and managing various automated processes. Y.S.Yakovlev, N.V.Nesterenko, V.M.Egipko, V.A.Romanov, V.N.Korobeynikov, B.V.Novikov, and others. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Was produced in Minsk (Belarus).

Development of color alphanumeric and graphical terminal "Parus" with the tape drive. L.B.Malinovsky, I.M.Smetanin, A.I.Shikarev, V.N.Knyazev. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Produced by Kyiv Radio plant.

Creation of the first neurocomputer in the USSR, modelled on the principle of ensemble stochastic neural networks. E.M.Kussul. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

1990 Development of highly reliable software and hardware systems to handle critical facilities, nuclear power control systems. "Impulse".

Production of family of compatible home PC's: MK88.01 - MK88.06, suitable for use in the home, in education, in business, leisure and other areas of daily activities as well as for professional fields. Y.S.Yakovlev, F.A.Tsventuh, N.V.Nesterenko, S.V.Bondar, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. "Kvant", Minsk. Mass production in Minsk, Belarus.

International computer society (IEEE Computer Society) awarded S.A.Lebedev with a medal "Pioneer of Computer Engineering" inscribed: "S.A.Lebedev 1902-1974. Developer and designer of the first computer in Soviet Union. Founder of the Soviet computer industry".

International computer society (IEEE Computer Society) awarded Victor M.Glushkov with a medal "Pioneer of Computer Engineering" inscribed: "V.M.Glushkov 1923-1982. For the foundation of the first in USSR Institute of Cybernetics, for development of digital automaton theory and for works in the field of macro-conveyor architectures of computer systems"

2005-2012

Development of cluster supercomputer SKIT. Total capacity over 10 TFLOPS (more than ten trillion operas./sec.) I.V.Sergienko, V.N.Koval. (2005). I.V.Sergienko, A.L.Golovinskiy (2012). Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Creation of Q-series line of computers for business, Office integrators "Ros'" data centers "Octava", Company "System Mobile Technologies". N.V.Kotyuk, O.I.Sosis etc. Kyiv.

The first domestic semiconductor general-purpose control computer "Dnepr"

After "Kiev" computer, "Dnepr" semiconductor control computer, the first in Ukraine (and in former the USSR) was developed at the Computer Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The idea of the computer development belonged to Victor M.Glushkov. The development works were managed by Victor M.Glushkov and Boris N.Malinovsky. The principal designer of the computer was Boris N.Malinovsky. The computer was developed in record-breaking term: within three years, in July, 1961 a number of plants were equipped with the newly-made computer. At that time this result was a world record for control computer development and implementation. Explaining the reasons of success, Victor M.Glushkov recollected that in parallel with "Dnepr" development they carried out together with some enterprises of Ukraine, serious preparation works on using the computer for controlling complex technological processes. Together with employees of Metallurgical works named after Dzerzhinskiy (Dneprodzerzhinsk), problems of controlling rustless process in Bessemer converters were investigated, as well as problems of column carbonization together with employees of the Soda factory in Slavyansk, etc. Initiated by Victor M.Glushkov an experiment (first in Europe) on remote control of Bessemer process was carried out within several days running in a mode of expert advice-giver. " Dnepr " computer was used for loft works automation in Nikolayevsk factory named after 61 Communards. Afterwards, it was found out, that a little earlier; Americans started to develop RW300 -the universal control semi-conductor computer similar to "Dnepr", but put it into production in June, 1961, simultaneously with us. So it was one of the moments when we managed to reduce up to zero the gap in the level of development of Soviet and American technology, though in only one, but very important direction. It should be emphasized as well, that Ukrainian computer was the first home-made semi-conductor computer (excluding special computers). It turned out, that the computer perfectly resisted to various climatic conditions, jolting and so forth.

This first universal semiconductor computer which was put into serial production, had beaten also another record of industrial longevity as it was being manufactured for ten years (1961-1971), whereas usually every five or six years serious modernization was required. And when during joint space flight "Sojuz - Apollo" it was necessary to put in order a show room in tracking headquarters, then after long selection of computers developed at that time, "Dnepr" computer was chosen, and two "Dnepr" computers controlled the big screen on which the space flight and docking of spaceships was displayed.

"Dnepr"computers were exported to many countries of the Union of Economic Assistance (SEV).

It is to notice, that seven-year plan (1958-1965) for economic development of the USSR never provided for construction of new factories in Ukraine. The first "Dnepr" computers were manufactured with Kiev "Radiopribor" factory. On the initiative of Victor M.Glushkov and Boris N.Malinovsky supported by the government, simultaneously with the development of "Dnepr " computer the construction of computer building factory (VUM), now Electronmash scientific and production association, was launched in Kiev. So development of "Dnepr" had initiated a prominent computer building factory.

World history of computer science and first computers development. Short outline According to Essays on history of Computer Science and Technology in Ukraine" author Boris Malinovsky A rapid computer science (CS) development and it's scientific principles formation began at the 40-s of 20-th century, as the electronics and then the microelectronics became the technical basis of computer science (CS) and the achievements in the field of artificial intelligence were put into basis of computer architecture development. Before this time for almost 500 years all the calculus tools came to simple calculus devices for arithmetic operations. Almost all of the invented tools were based on cog-wheel to fix decimal notation 10 digits. First sketch of 13-digit cog-wheel adder was drawn by Leonardo da Vinci at one of his diaries in about 1492. In 1623, more than 100 years after Leonardo da Vinci death another project of 6-digit cog-wheel device for arithmetic operations was designed by German scientist Vilgelm Shikkard. Both inventions were found only recently and remains only in drafts. The first real existed mechanical calculus device was "Pascaline", designed by prominent scientist Blez Pascal. It was 6 (or 8) digital cog-wheel device for decimal numbers adding and subtraction (1642).

In 1673, 30 years after "Pascaline" another 12 digital device was designed by Gotfrid Vilgelm Leibnits. It was based on not only cog-wheeels, but also on step-roller. G.Leibnits wrote proudly, that his device can instantly multiply and divide big numbers.

More than 100 years pass, and only then some principal steps in calculus devices development were made in France at the end of XYIII, namely loom management with punch-cards, designed by Joseph Jakkard and calculation technology by Gaspar de Proni, who split calculation process to three stages: 1) to design the way of calculations, 2) to write a program as arithmetic operations sequence 3) to make calculations according to the program. Both of these two innovations were used by Englishman Charles Babbage, who made qualitively new step in calculation devices development - changing from hand-made to automatic calculations according to designed program. He designed the project of Analytical device - mechanical universal digital program-managed device (1830-1846). The device was consisted of 5 units, namely arithmetic, storage, control, input and output, similar to first computers, that appear 100 years later. Arithmetic and storage units were based on cog-whells (for 1000 50-digital numbers!). The punch-cards were used for data input. An estimated calculations rate was 1 second for addition and subtraction and 1 minute for multiplication and division. There was conditional branch command beside arithmetic operations. An operation principles and programs for Babbage device were composed by Ada Augusta Lovelace, Byron's daughter.

Some units of the device were created, but attempt to assemble the whole device failured because of it's bulk. It were required about 50.000 cog-wheels, to say nothing about the other. Babbage dreamed to put so bulky device to operation with the help of steam-engine. This idea was realized by American scientist Hovard Aiken, who create first relay-mechanical device in 1944. It arithmetic and storage blocks were based on cog-wheels. Babbage ideas were long way ahead of his time, but Aiken's decision to use cog-whells may be considered as outdated idea. Ten years before, in 1934 German student Konrad Zuse decided to make household digital device with program management and (first in the world!) with binary notation. In 1937 Z1 (Zuse 1) device was put into operation. It was binary, 22 bit, with floated point, 64 digital storage capacity, and that's all was designed on mechanical (lever) basis!

At the same time as binary device Z1 was put into operation, John Vincent Atanasoff (ethnic Bulgarian, who lived in the USA) began to design the calculus device, based on vacuum tubes (300 items). Englishmen also were pioneers in electronics. In 1942-43 in England the electronic device "Coloss" was created by Alan Turing. It contained 2000 vacuum tubes. This device was destined for fascist Germany radiogram messages decoding. Zuse and Turing's works were kept in strong secret, and were known only by a few people. That's why these works doesn't make any response in the world. Only in 1946, when the information about EDIC (electronic digital generator and computer), created in the USA by J.Mauchly and P.Eckert appears, promising future of electronic technics become clear (there were about 18 thousands in the device, and the rate was about 3 thousands operations per second). However, the device remains digital, storage capacity was only 20 words, and the programs were kept outside the primary storage.

The final point in electronic devices creation was put, almost simultaneously, in 1949-52 by English, Soviet and American scientists. (Maurice Wilkes, 1949, Sergei Lebedev, 1951, John Mauchly, Presper Eckert, John fon Newman, 1952). In all cases programs kept in storage. During the mechanical, relay and in the beginning of electronic periods of development the digital calculations were considered only within technology aspect, but it scientific basics only began to grow. First scientific works, lately put into computer science basis are the following. There are binary notation research by Leibnits in XVII century, algebra of logic by George Boole in XVII century, abstract, or Turing's mashine, invented in 1936, theoretical results by Shennon, Shestakov, Gavrilov (30-th of 20-th century), which unite electronics and logics. The firs stage of computer science was accomplished by digital computer design principles, called by Eckert and Newman (USA, 1946), and independently by S.Lebedev (USSR, 1948). This time digital technics wasn't perfect and inferior to analog one, which already have mechanical integrators, devices for differencial equation solutions, etc. However, at the next stage the calculus technics made unexampled breakthrough at the account of computer intellectualization as analog technics remains within calculations automation.

Digital technics development was concomitant by computer science formation. Computer sciense basics were replenished by digital automata theory, programming basics, artificial intelligence theory, computer design theory and computer technology. These component provided the formation of a new science, which is called "Computer Science" in the USA and "Informatics" in Europe. The big deposit to it's development was made by Ukrainian scientists (Victor Glushkov, Ekaterina Yushchenko, Zinoviy Rabinovich, Yuliya Kapitonova, Alexandr Letichevsky and others). In the USSR, including Ukraine, "calculus technics" concept included as to call technical devices as for science of it's design. Now for this purpose the term "informatics", that means the science about information receiving, transmitting storage and processing is used. In turn, this science is split to theoretical and applied branches. Theoretical branch learns the mathematical simulation of information processes. Applied branch includes design of computers, networks and multimedia, information technology computer processes, etc. The primary scientific basics of applied informatics are microelectronics and artificial intellect theory. If to concatenate two words "intellect" and "electronics", then a new word INELLELECTRONICS, more proper word for applied informatics will be get. It worth to note, that we are at the very beginning of artificial intelligence, despite of many important achievements in this field and the great prospective of computer and "information human ability" confluence appears. A short history survey. In 1870, a year before Babbage's death, English mathematitian Jevons constructed (might be, first in the world) "logic mashine", that mechanized simple logical conclusions. Jevon's work became known in Russia in 1893, when professor Sleshinski from Odessa published the article "Jevons logic mashine" (Experimental physics and elementary mathematics herald, 1893, v. 7). There were two "logical mashine constructors" in Russia - Pavel Khrushchev (1849-1909) and Alexander Shchukarev (1884-1936), who worked in Ukrainian high education establishments. First the logic mashine was constructed by Khrushchev in Odessa. This device was "inherited" by Shchukarev, professor of Kharkov Technology Institute. He constructed mashine anew, made some considerable improvements, and more than once lectured about this mashine and it's practical applications. One of the lectures was delivered in Moscow Politechnical Museum in 1914. Professor Sokolov, who attended the lecture, wrote: "If we have calculating mashines, that add, subtract and multiply numbers by lever turning, then it's time to have logic mashine, which able to make faultless conclusions by buttons pressing. It will save a lot of time and remain the field of creation, hypothesis, fantasy and inspiration to a human. This prophet words were said in 1914! ("Around the world" journal, № 18, article "thinking mashine"). It worth to note, that Jevons, who created "thinking mashine", doesn't foreseen any practical applications. Unfortunately, Khrushchevs and Shchukarevs thinking mashines don't been saved. However, in article "Mechanization of thinking" by A.Shchukarev (Knowledge herald, № 12), the photo, detailed description and application recommendations are delivered. So Alan Turing, who published his article "Is mashine able to think?" in 1950 had predecessors in Ukraine. The best answer about mashine intellectual development belongs to Victor Glushkov: "It's hardly to doubt, that more and more considerable part of the environment regularities will be conceived and applied by mashines in the future, but the human will always have top priority in thinking and conceiving processes. The truth of this conclusion is stipulated by history. Humanity is not a simple sum of people. The intellectual and physical power is defined not only by sum of human muscles and brain, but also by human created material and cultural wealth. In this meaning, neither computer no set of computers, that are the results of human activity can't be more wise, than humanity as a whole, because at such evaluation computer is compared to the whole humanity with all tools and of course with computer being created. It worth to note, that the priority of material and cultural values estimation belongs to human, so, the computer can't overcome the human also in this meaning. So, as for pure information scope, then computers not only can, but also must overcome human ability, and in some narrow scopes it's the case now. But is social scope computers always remain no more, than human tools and assistants. (V.Glushkov. Thinking and cybernetics // Philosophy questions, 1963, v.1, in Russian). As for microelectronics, the unit size now is coming to limit- 0.05 microns. Nevertheless, there are not qualitively new and efficient elements, so, the term "intelelectronics" might to live for a long time. As noted above, the general trend of computer development is artificial intellect units embedding. Computers, that are called so du to it's original destination-calculation automation are obtained another important application-to be human assistant in intellectual activity. As for analog tools, the calculation precision remain low, it intellectualization failured and it defeat in competition with digitital tools. Time will show, is it temporary or ultimate situation.

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