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HOW CAN THE EFFICIENCY OF UTILISATION OF SOLAR ENERGY BE IMPROVED?



 

 

Annually the sun supplies the earth with 6xl07 kilo­watt hours of radiant energy, more than 20,000 times greater than the worlds total power consumption. But only a very small part of the solar energy which reaches the earth be­comes useful.

One of the most important problems is the discov­ery of ways and means of more effective use of solar radia­tion, the energy of unlimited possibilities.

The sun is the source of all main forms of energy. We must learn to gather and store sunlight and convert its energy into other forms of energy. Today man converts solar energy into electricity with an efficiency of about 10 per cent. This is not much, but not long ago this also seemed impossible.

Systematic work on the utilization of solar energy began in the Soviet Union in 1926. At present there are four centers which deal with solar power problems in our country.

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consumption -

utilization -

COMPREHENSION

Number 8

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Unusual Electric Station in Kamchatka

An unusual electric station has been put into operation in the Soviet Far East. The station is arranged to use relatively low temperature of subterranean1 thermal sources. The working fluid in the boilers is Freon. The hot subterranean water passes through the heat exchanger pip­ing and causes Freon to boil. The resultant Freon gas develops the nec­essary pressure to operate the turbines which generate electricity. The gas then passes through a cooling system where it is condensed to liquid form again and returned to the heat exchanger.

The use of the hot subterranean water cheapens the cost of electric power. In the North the water is also used to heat hothouses to produce vegetables and fruits, as well as to supply heat to industry and for con­sumer needs. A special organization has been set up in Kamchatka to study the uses of hot subterranean water. It will carry out surveying and sink wells to tap the geothermal waters. Current estimates show that the daily yield of this water in the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands may reach one and a half million cubic miters.

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hothouse - теплицa

sink -

well -

to tap -

COMPREHENSION

Number 9

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Nuclear Power Plants

Nuclear power plants are modern installations. These plants consist of several main units and a great number of auxiliary ones. Their principal feature is to produce heat energy by means of fission. In a nuclear reactor uranium is utilized as a fuel. In the reactor core fuel rods filled with natural or enriched uranium support a fission chain reaction that releases a great amount of heat.

To prevent core melting and to produce steam circulating water is used as a coolant. Cooling water circulates at a pressure up to 150 atmospheres in order to prevent boiling of water. The hot water is then converted into steam. The steam produced is fed into the turbogenerator to drive the turbines for generating electricity.

Nuclear power plants have their advantages as well as disadvantages.

The reactors and steam generators operate in them noiselessly; the atmosphere is not polluted by dust and smoke.

The disadvantage of nuclear plants is the radioactive radiation emitted by the fission process. To prevent the harmful effects of nuclear power release, the nuclear power plants are supplied with protective installations that serve as barriers to the pollution.

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noiseless(ly) – бесшумн(ый / но)

 

COMPREHENSION

Number 10

 

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Development of Robots

 

Real progress in robot making began in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

This was a period called the "Industrial Revolution". The invention of new kinds of machinery caused a sudden change in ways of making things.

Before the Industrial Revolution almost everything was made by hand, piece by piece. After the Industrial Revolution almost everything was made by machines.

At first these machines were controlled by human beings. This took a lot of time and effort. There was a need for better methods of control.

An old proverb says: "Necessity is the mother of invention." Better ways of controlling machines were needed, so men began to invent robots.

Some of the first robots began to appear in cotton and woolen mills. But it was not until electronic computers gave machines a "brain" and a "memory" that true robots began to appear. Electronic brains give automatic devices a memory and can instruct them what to do under varying conditions. These devices are true robots, because they can take care of themselves.

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to take care of – oбеспечивать, проявлять заботу о

COMPREHENSION

Number 11

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