ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
Кафедра «Иностранные языки»
Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов
Автотракторного факультета
По теме «Моя специальность»
ВОЛГОГРАД
ББК Ш 143.21 - 92
Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов автотракторногофакультета по теме «Моя специальность»/
cост.: А. А. Зязина, Ю. О. Квартовкина, Н. А. Пром, Е. В. Щепетова; Волгоград. гос. техн. ун-т.– Волгоград, 2009. – 16 с.
Разработаны на основе оригинальных текстов по машиностроению и автоматизации и содержат разнообразный языковой материал - тексты, диалоги, упражнения для развития умений и навыков диалогической и монологической речи по специальности.
Предназначены для студентов машиностроительного факультета.
Рецензент Е. Ф. Болдарева
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета
Волгоградского государственного технического университета
The purpose of a gasoline car engine is to convert gasoline into motion so that your car can move. Currently the easiest way to create motion from gasoline is to burn the gasoline inside an engine. Therefore, a car engine is an internal combustion engine- combustion takes place internally. Two things to note:
· There are different kinds of internal combustion engines. Diesel engines are one form and gas turbine engines are another. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages.
· There is such a thing as an external combustion engine. A steam engine in old-fashioned trains and steam boats is the best example of an external combustion engine. The fuel (coal, wood, oil, whatever) in a steam engine burns outside the engine to create steam, and the steam creates motion inside the engine. Internal combustion is a lot more efficient (takes less fuel per mile) than external combustion, plus an internal combustion engine is a lot smaller than an equivalent external combustion engine. This explains why we don’t see any cars from Ford and GM using steam engines.
Exercise 4. Match the words with their definitions.
Steam
The process of burning
Engine
The act or process of moving
Fuel
The part of a vehicle that produces power to make the vehicle move
Combustion
The hot gas that water changes into when it boils
Gasoline
Any material that produces heat or power, usually when it burns
Motion
Petrol
Exercise 5.Give Russian equivalents for the following.
Exercise 3.Read the text and check if you were right.
Text A. Internal combustion
If you put any tiny amount of high-energy fuel (like gasoline) in a small, enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of energy is released in the form of expanding gas. If you can create a cycle that allows you set off explosions like this hundreds of times per minute, and if you can harness that energy in a useful way, what you have is a core of a car engine!
Almost all cars currently use what is called a four-stroke combustion cycle to convert gasoline into motion. The four-stroke approach is also known as the Otto cycle, in honor of Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in 1867. The four strokes are:
· Intake stroke
· Compression stroke
· Combustion stroke
· Exhaust stroke
The piston is connected to the crankshaft by a connecting rod. Here is what happens as the engine goes through its cycle:
1. The piston starts at the top, the intake valve opens, and the piston moves down to let the engine take in a cylinder-full of air and gasoline. This is the intake stroke. Only the tiniest drop of gasoline needs to be mixed into the air for this work.
2. Then the piston moves back up to compress this fuel/ air mixture. Compression makes the explosion more powerful.
3. When the piston reaches the top of its stroke, the spark plug emits a spark to ignite the gasoline. This gasoline charge in the cylinder explodes, driving the piston down.
4. Once the piston hits the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust leaves the cylinder to go out the tailpipe.
Now the engine is ready for the next cycle, so it intakes another charge of air and gas.
In an engine the linear motion of the pistons is converted into rotational motion by the crankshaft. The rotational motion is nice because we plan to turn (rotate) the car’s wheels with it anyway.
Exercise 4.Read these statements about the passage. Are they true or false?
• Nicolaus Otto invented the two-stroke combustion cycle in 1867.
• The piston is connected to the crankshaft by a connecting rod.
• The intake stroke is the beginning of a four-stroke cycle.
• Compression makes the explosion less powerful.
• In an engine the linear motion of the pistons is converted into rotational motion by the connecting rod.