The forms given in the tables above are those of modern standard English. One may also come across archaic forms, mainly in poetry or texts where an archaic effect is intended.
Forms
Grammatical characteristics
Verbs
dost [dʌSt], [dǝst]
Present indefinite, 2nd person singular
to do
doth, doeth [dʌθ], ][dǝθ]
Present indefinite, 3rd person singular
didst [dɪdst]
Past indefinite, 2nd person singular
art [a:t], [ǝt]
Present indefinite, 2nd person singular
to be
wast [wɔst], [wǝst], wert [wǝ:t], [wǝt]
Past indefinite, 2nd person singular
hast [hæst], [hǝst], |ǝst], [st]
Present indefinite, 2nd person singular
to have
hath [hæθ], [hǝθ], [ǝθ]
Present indefinite, 3rd person singular
hadst [hædst], [hǝdst], [ǝdst]
Past indefinite, 2nd person singular
shall [∫ælt], [∫ǝlt], [∫lt]
Present indefinite, 2nd person singular
shall
shouldst, shouldest [∫udst]
Past indefinite, 2nd person singular
wilt [wɪlt], [ǝlt], [ɪt]
Present indefinite, 2nd person singular
will
wouldst, wouldest [wudst]
Past indefinite, 2nd person singular
Table of tense - aspect - perfect forms of the verb “to translate”
in the Indicative mood (3d person singular)
Time
Reference
Aspect
Non-perfect
Perfect
Present
Common
He works
He has worked
Continuous
He is working
He has been working
Past
Common
He worked
He had worked
Continuous
He was working
He had been working
Future
Common
He will work
He will have worked
Continuous
He will be working
He will have been working
Future in the past
Common
He would work
He would have worked
Continuous
He would be working
He would have been working
Содержание
Morphology
PARTS OF SPEECH..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
THE VERB..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Formation of verb categories................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Regular and irregular verbs.................................................................................................................................................................. 5
The category of tense............................................................................................................................................................................ 14
The category of aspect.......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
The category of perfect......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Past tenses............................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Future in the past tenses....................................................................................................................................................................... 42
The sequence of tenses.......................................................................................................................................................................... 43
The category of voice............................................................................................................................................................................ 46
The category of mood............................................................................................................................................................................ 54
NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS)............................................................................................................................ 70
The Infinitive........................................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Predicative constructions with the infinitive................................................................................................................................... 85
The for-to-infinitive construction....................................................................................................................................................... 85
The objective with the infinitive construction................................................................................................................................. 86
The gerund.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 88
The gerund and the infinitive compared........................................................................................................................................... 95
The gerund and the verbal noun compared...................................................................................................................................... 97
The participle......................................................................................................................................................................................... 98
To have to, have got to....................................................................................................................................................................... 122
To be to.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 123
THE NOUN................................................................................................................................................................................................ 132
The category of number...................................................................................................................................................................... 135
The category of case........................................................................................................................................................................... 144
THE ARTICLE......................................................................................................................................................................................... 147
The use of the indefinite article........................................................................................................................................................ 149
The use of the definite article............................................................................................................................................................ 151
Absence of the article......................................................................................................................................................................... 155
THE ADJECTIVE..................................................................................................................................................................................... 162
Adjectives of participial origin........................................................................................................................................................ 166
Adjectives and adverbs....................................................................................................................................................................... 166
Patterns of combinability.................................................................................................................................................................. 166
THE PRONOUN........................................................................................................................................................................................ 169
Morphological composition and categorical characteristics.................................................................................................... 170
Subclasses of pronouns and their functions.................................................................................................................................. 170
THE NUMERAL....................................................................................................................................................................................... 182
Patterns of combinability.................................................................................................................................................................. 184
THE STATIVE.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 187
THE ADVERB.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 189
Syntactic functions and patterns of combinability....................................................................................................................... 192
THE PREPOSITION................................................................................................................................................................................ 195
Combinability of prepositions.......................................................................................................................................................... 198
THE CONJUNCTION.............................................................................................................................................................................. 199
Combinability of conjunctions and their functions..................................................................................................................... 201
THE CONJUNCTS................................................................................................................................................................................... 203
THE PARTICLE....................................................................................................................................................................................... 205
THE INTERJECTION............................................................................................................................................................................. 206
Syntax
THE SENTENCE...................................................................................................................................................................................... 207
Structural classification of sentences............................................................................................................................................. 208
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE..................................................................................................................................................................... 209
COMMUNICATIVE TYPES OF SENTENCES.................................................................................................................................. 211
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE................................................................................................................................................................. 224
Ways of expressing parts of the sentence........................................................................................................................................ 224
Levels of syntactical analysis............................................................................................................................................................ 227
The subject............................................................................................................................................................................................ 228
The predicate........................................................................................................................................................................................ 233
Structural classification of the predicate....................................................................................................................................... 233
The simple predicate........................................................................................................................................................................... 233
The compound predicate.................................................................................................................................................................... 235
Agreement of the predicate with the subject.................................................................................................................................. 243
The object.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 249
Ways of expressing the object........................................................................................................................................................... 249
Types of object..................................................................................................................................................................................... 250
Objects to adjectives........................................................................................................................................................................... 256
Objects to statives................................................................................................................................................................................ 257
Objects to adverbs............................................................................................................................................................................... 257
The attribute......................................................................................................................................................................................... 257
Ways of expressing attributes........................................................................................................................................................... 257
The position of attributes................................................................................................................................................................... 261
Types of connection between an attribute and its headword..................................................................................................... 262
The apposition..................................................................................................................................................................................... 263
Types of connection between an apposition and its headword................................................................................................. 264
The adverbial modifier....................................................................................................................................................................... 265
Obligatory and non-obligatory adverbial modifiers................................................................................................................... 265
Ways of expressing adverbial modifiers......................................................................................................................................... 267
Structural classification of the adverbial modifier...................................................................................................................... 268
Semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifier...................................................................................................................... 269
Semantic classes of adverbial modifiers......................................................................................................................................... 269
Independent elements of the sentence............................................................................................................................................. 274
WORD ORDER......................................................................................................................................................................................... 276
The grammatical function of word order........................................................................................................................................ 276
The emphatic and communicative functions of word order........................................................................................................ 280
The linking function of word order.................................................................................................................................................. 282
THE PREDICATIVE COMPLEXES..................................................................................................................................................... 282
The subjective predicative constructions ...................................................................................................................................... 284
The objective predicative constructions......................................................................................................................................... 286
The absolute nominative constructions.......................................................................................................................................... 291
The for-to-infinitive constructions................................................................................................................................................... 294
The gerundial predicative constructions........................................................................................................................................ 295
THE COMPOSITE SENTENCE............................................................................................................................................................ 296
THE COMPOUND SENTENCE............................................................................................................................................................. 297
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE................................................................................................................................................................ 301
Formal indicators of subordination (connectors)........................................................................................................................ 301
Functional classification of subordinate clauses......................................................................................................................... 304
The complex sentence with nominal clauses.................................................................................................................................. 304
The complex sentence with an attributive clause.......................................................................................................................... 309
The complex sentence with an adverbial clause........................................................................................................................... 312
The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of place............................................................................................................ 313
The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of time.............................................................................................................. 313
The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of manner........................................................................................................ 315
The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of comparison................................................................................................ 315
The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of condition.................................................................................................... 316
The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of concession.................................................................................................. 319
The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of purpose....................................................................................................... 321
The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of cause........................................................................................................... 321
The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of result (consequence)................................................................................ 322
The complex sentence with mutually subordinated clauses........................................................................................................ 323
APPENDIX I. SOME WAYS OF SENTENCE EXTENSION............................................................................................................ 329
APPENDIX II. SOME SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES OF ANALYSIS................................................................................................. 333
APPENDIX III. SUGGESTED WAYS OF SENTENCE ANALYSIS............................................................................................... 335