Articulation basis: a sum total of the general tendencies in movements and positions of organs of speech in neutral position or at rest.
English
Articulation Basis
Russian
Broadened
Flattened
Drawn back
Retracted
General tendency: to hold tongue
in neutral position
Tongue
Narrowed
Advanced
Moves towards teeth ridge
Tongue tip
Moves to upper teeth
Grooved
Hollowed up
Fore part of the tongue
Arched
Raised
Almost never
Teeth contact
Almost always
In neutral position
Lips
Very active
Very active
Glottis
Tense
Muscles
Dull
Pronunciation
Clear
Functions of speech sounds:
functions
phonemes
syllables
accent
intonation
Constitutive
Constitute the material forms of
all ws, phrases, sent.
All ws pronounced in isolation have w accent
Each w in a sent has its own pitch, rhythm, tempo
Distinctive
Differentiating 1 w from another
Differentiating ws by syllabic boundaries
[ai so he aiz] - [ai so he raiz]
Differentiating ws by stress import-import
Diff 1 sense group from another
Recognitive
Make ws recognizable. Pick-peak, cart-cut
Principle Types of English pronunciation
National Language – written (generally accepted standard) and spoken forms (may vary from locality to locality)
Dialect –differ in grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation- dialectology, sociolinguistics
Different types of pronunciation may vary inall components of pron system.
Orphoepic norm –dialect that became standard pron. due to economical, geographical, political factors.Other dialects –illiterate, uncultural.
Within standard variant there also can be some differences – ex. Moscow\st.Peter pron.
All national types of English pronunciation have many features in common duethe common origin. And have many differences due to the different development after the separation from the GB.
In British isles: southern English, Northern, Scottish
RP
GA
Scottish
Welsh
Southern
(Cockney)
Northern
Northern
Eastern Am
Southern Am
northern
Ireland
[blAd]
[bləd]
[blaeid]
[blud]
[nau]
[naeэ]
[leidi]
[lз:di]
[laidi]
[baeg]
[beg]
[siti]
[siti:]
[siti:]
[siti:]
[siti]
[da:ns]
[daens]
[da:ns]
[daens]
[gзl]
[girl]
[go:l]
[gﻦ:l]
Let-lεət
Before ptk
[i]-[i:]
NO:
[iə]
[uə]
[з:]
[εə]
[I,u] r central,
:ﻦ& o contrast only before ptk
Consonants:
R is rh
L is dark
[j] is weak
latter-ladder
[t] is voiced
P,t,k non-asp
T=gl st
Х occur
Ing=in
Ǿr=fr
[l] is clear
phith
[r] rh
Ǿ=f
Ð=d
Ð=v
L=v
Ŋ=n
[iŋ] = [in]
gl.st. after p,t,k
[r] - uvular
L is clear
T=d
Ð smts lost
H is present
Vowel sys is similar to scottish
American Based pron.: 1. the eastern type (is spoken in new England, in new york city, it bears a remarkable resemblance to southern English.) 2. The southern type (used in south and south-east of usa, it possesses a striking distinctive feature – vowel drawl.) 3. general American.(is spoken in atlantic states: new york, new jersey y etc., it’s the pronunciation standard as its language is used by radio and tv.)
The phoneme
Basic concept of phonetics
Smallest unit of language, existing as such speech sound which is capable of differentiating one word from another, or one grammatical form from another.
Speech sound that makes a difference in meaning
A class or family of sounds regarded as a single sound and represented in transcription by the same symbol
Abstractional and generalized in character exists in our minds as an abstraction and at the same time is generalized in speech in the form of its allophones
Phoneme may be pronounced differently in different ws but still remain the same phoneme pleat-play-wale
2 main classes of phonemes: vowels and consonants
Pairs of ws that demonstrate a phonemic contrast – minimal pairs (discovered by method of commutation)
MP – differ only in 1 element
actually pronounced sound is always anallophone
different allophones of 1 phoneme have one or more acoustic, articulatory features in common, but may have slight difference due to the adjust sounds or other purely phonetic factors.
Allophone that has all acoustic, articulatory features given in classification – a sound in isolation or the principle variant of phoneme
All others – subsidiary variants
to mix allophones – non-phonological, allophonic mistake
to mix phonemes – phonemic, phonological mistake
Phonological analysis:
The two main problems:
1) the establishment of the phonemic inventory for a language (буквы, что фонема, что аллофон)
Methods:
Distributional –is based on the phonological rule, that different phonemes can occur in one and the same position, while allophones of one and the same phoneme occur in different positions (cat-rat/ cat-skate). It’s possible to establish the phonemic status of any sound just by contrasting it with the other sound without knowing the meaning of the words.
Semantic – attaches great importance to meaning. It’s based on the assumption that a phoneme can distinguish words only when opposed to another phoneme or zero in an identical phonetic context (ask”0”-asks). Pairs of words differing only in one sound are called minimal pairs.
2) the establishment of the inventory of phonologically relevant elements for a given language.
L. Blomfield (American descriptive linguist) considered it impossible to identify the phonemes of a language without recourse to meaning in the ordinary sense of word.
Great phonemic dissimilarity – entirely or greatly different sounds, such as a vowel and a consonant cannot be allophones of the same phoneme.
Conditioned allophonic similarity – the more or less similar sounds which are at the same time more or less different, are allophones of the same phoneme if the difference between them is clearly due to the influence of purely external phonetic factors, such as neighbouring sounds, stress, etc..
Vowels:
· All vowels are oral sounds (articulated through mouth, sometimes partially nasal)
· All vowels are voiced
· Are characterized by free flow of air through the oral cavity
· Distinguishing features are made by tongue position
Opinions:
some say of 12 vowels, excluding difthongues
sm speak of 20 vowels, 2 monoft. + 8 diphthongues
sm speak of 21 vowels (Russian linguists)
monof. –vowels, pronounced in a way that during pronunciation organs of speech do not change their position
dif. – when pronouncing, organs start in the position of one vowel and gradually move to the position of other vowel. 1st vowel– nucleus, 2nd - a glide
[ei] [ai] [oi]
[au] [ou]
[iэ] [iэ] [iэ]
American dif-s [ai] [au] [oi]
Sm single out [oэ]
May be classified according to:
-position of the tongue (horizontal, neither advanced nor retrected)