13. Explain the articulatory differences between the /i: - ı/, /u: - u/, /o: - α/ sounds.
14. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between the fully front /i:/ and the front-retracted /ı/.
seem – since these – this Jean – Jim
meal – mill beat – bit deed – did
mean – mince beacon – bill seek – sick
15. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between the low long of broad variation /a:/ and the vowel /Λ/.
Calm – come started – study target – two-pence
rather – running half – hut arm – other
dark – dull last – luck hardly – honey
16. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between the high /i:, ı/, the mid /e/ and the low /æ/.
Bid – bed – bad team – ten – tan
rid – read – rat hid – head – had
mill – men – man pit – pet – pat
beat – bet – bat sid – said – sad
17. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between the back /o:/, the mixed /ə:/ and the front /æ/.
All – earl – shall torn – ten – tan
caught – curt – cat call – curl – cat
walk – work – whack board – bird – bad
for – fur – fat chalk – church – channel
FUNCTIONAL ASPECT OF SPEECH SOUNDS
Семинарское занятие № 3
1. What is phonology? How are phonemes discovered? What is commutation test? What is the difference between phonemes and allophones? How are they represented in writing?
2. English consonants as units of the phonological system.
3. English Vowels as units of the phonological system.
9. Subsidiary variants of English consonant phonemes.
10. Vowel phonemes. Description of principal variants: a) monophthongs or simple vowels; b) diphthongs or complex vowels.
11. Subsidiary variants of English vowel phonemes: a) contextual and idiolectal variants of English vowels in terms of CV, VC relations; b) diphthongs.
Литература
1. Бондаренко, Л.В. Фонетическое описание языка и фонетическое описание речи / Л.В. Бондаренко. – Л., 1981.
2. Борисова, Л.В. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка / Л.В.Борисова. – Минск, 1980.
3. Веренинова, Ж.Б. Фонетическая база английского языка / Ж.Б.Веренинова. – М., 1996.
4. Зиндер, Л.Р. Общая фонетика / Л.Р. Зиндер. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М., 1979.
5. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка: учеб. для студентов пед. вузов и ун-тов / С.Ф. Леонтьева. – 3-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Изд-во «Менеджер», 2004.
6. Торсуев, Г.П. Строение слога и аллофоны в английском языке / Г.П.Торсуев. – М., 1975.
7. Щерба, Л.В. Фонетика французского языка / Л.В. Щерба. – М., 1957.
8. Gimson, A.C. An Introduction to Pronunciation of English / A.C. Gimson. – London, 1964.
9. Jones, D. The Pronunciation of English / D. Jones. – Cambridge, 1967.
10. Shakhbagova, D.A. Varieties of English Pronunciation / D.A. Shakhbagova. – M., 1979.
11. Ward I. The Phonetics of English / I. Ward. – Cambridge, 1948.
12. Vassilyev, V.A. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course / V.A. Vassilyev. – M., 1970.
Практическое занятие № 3
Read aloud the minimal pairs below. Single out the phonemes which are contrasted.
Jug – bug
led – laid
lay – lie
judge – budge
men – main
say – sigh
birch – bird
pen – pain
called – cold
singe – sinned
edge –age
keen – coin
law – low
pause – pose
torn – tone
Read these words. Pay attention to the allophonic difference of one and the same phoneme.
/t/
aspirated: take, tall, tone
unaspirated: steal, stall, stone
no audible release: outpost, halfpin, football
nasal release: cotton, button, eaten
lateral release: cattle, atlas, at last
/d/
partly devoiced: do, dog, day
voiced: leader, order, murder
voiceless: bid, mad, road
no audible release: good dog, bed time, good cheese
nasal release: admit, road map, red map
lateral release: middle, headless, badly, good luck
/k/
aspirated: come, car, coal
unaspirated: baker, talking, equal
no audible release: locked, deck chair, blackboard, dark night