Exercise 1. Replace the passages in their logical order.

1) When the protocols were formed, much of the software and services that make up the Internet appeared. The basic services for remote connectivity, file transfer, and electronic mail were introduced in the mid and late seventies. The Usenet system appeared in 1981 and the World Wide Web information system in 1989.

2) The Internet of today is only one third a research and educational network because of universities and institutes connected to it. However, commercial communications have taken over the majority of Internet traffic.

3) In 1990, the APRANET had had many, other networks connected to it. Later, its role as a network backbone was taken over by the NSFNET funded by the National Science Foundation. The networking companies and organizations which provided the data connections to all the Internet hosts continued in their goal of providing easy global network access.

4) The Internet developed from the project initiated by the US Department of Defense-Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA). The ARPANET, AS it was then called, was designed to be a non-reliable network service for computer communications over wide area. In 1973 and 1974, a standard networking protocol, a communications protocol for exchanging data between computers on a network, emerged from the various research and educational programs involved in this project. This became known as TCP/IP or the IP suite of protocols.

5) These protocols enabled APRANET computers to Communicate irrespective of their computer operating system or their computer hardware. We call such protocols heterogeneous UNIX which was spread throughout the many educational institutions around the US for a love cost. Multi-user systems such as UNIX soon became the most popular method of accessing the Internet.

Exercise 2.

A) How many stages can you find in the process of the Internet creation and development?

B) Who created the Internet?

LANGUAGE ACTIVITY

Exercise 1. Summarize your knowledge on the Absolute Participial Construction. Find the construction in the sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Exercise 5. Be attentive and remember the meaning of the underlined terms and words.

1. High-speed and long-distance networks connecting other networks to the Internet became major links and were termed “backbones”.

2. A computer providing other computers on a Network with valuable data was called a “host” .

3. WWW is an information space on the Internet unified by a common addressing system and containing a mix of text, sound, graphic, and animation files which can have links between each other even if they are on different servers.

4. Browser is a program created for searching, navigating and displaying the computer material through the Web.

5. Data with links between separate elements that allowed users to move through information non-sequentially was termed as hypertext.

VII. Retell the text.

Unit XI.

I. Read and translate the text.

USES OF THE WEB

The fact that the Web is being widely used for multiple purposes is without question. But before overviewing its benefits it is worth considering one fact that became a crucial event for it. The question is about a new mode of presenting information. Before, over the Internet and other wide area networks, the text has been the main mode of presentation. The Web changed that. Now the information could be presented in graphical format, complete with font choices and incorporated drawings, photographs, tables and other multimedia elements. This graphical elements offered different kinds of information and information providers were able to search precisely suitable elements. The result of these innovations is that the Web’s capabilities are increasing, its information becomes more comprehensible too. Of course the work has to be done right and those who care about their information perfectly known how to do it.

The Web clients become more and more numerous to display fully formatted word processing and desktop publishing files.

One of the first to use the web was science. Dissemination of research and scientific findings has always been one of the purposes of the Internet and of the Web project at CERN in Switzerland. Today the Web is used as a tool of exchanging scientific information as it has been considered to do. But perhaps more important is that the web is used to make research discoveries available to the general public, most of this information being present so that it becomes as easy understandable as possible. Publicly funded research agencies are interested in making their work known to public, in finding new ways to place their information. Booklets and pamphlets distributed through mailing are expensive and usually ignored. The Web is the best way out of the problem. Now on a well-designed HTML page a user can demonstrate its activities graphically and these pages can be updated inexpensively and frequently.

Providing services for clients as to technical documents, software patches and answers to frequently asked questions is another benefit of the Web using. Customers with a Web access are able to take care of their own information needs without resorting to the help of supplier’s support staff.

Many other services of this kind are likely to be developed for making the Web more friendly to users. For example, the possibility of Web based tutorials offering step-by-step procedures for installation a new piece of equipment or for programming your VCR. Well designed, this service is certain to be better than a usual, tech support phone call because it shows, rather than tells, the customer what to do and how to do.

It should be noted that these Web applications are not a one-way link. Customers need to know that they are not forgotten and that there is a place where they can learn from the experiences of other customers. It becomes possible due to HTML forms to provide a feedback and to answer questions on products. The latter is especially valuable in products ordering. Now there are many who are interested in this service rendered by the Web, and it is despite of the discussion as to the Web’s security for credit cards use.

Why is the Web shopping so attractive? Imagine you can find a variety of products ranging from flowers to books for your music CDs, and all this by browsing through the Web and without leaving your home. Moreover, unlike home shopping on TV, you needn’t sit through the other products that are of no use for you in order to find the item you have been looking for.

Shopping on the Web is like walking into a shopping mall (by the way, ”mall” is the name given to may Web offerings). There is only one thing for the customer to do: click on the shop you want, turn on the online graphic to see a picture of the chosen product and address to the order forms page to do the ordering. Such services are expected to be more often used.

At last, such spiritual part of human activity as creative arts as not aside from the Web pages. People in creative arts are often regarded as adherent to traditional forms of arts and resistant to new technologies. However, it would be an erroneous opinion, because throughout the history people of arts have always been among the first to adopt new technologies to their work. Such examples as printing press or MIDI witness it.

Therefore, it is quite natural that the artists consider WWW to be a new medium suitable for presenting their works and for linking up with their colleagues. Now we see galleries of new visual art to appear online or presentation of artworks that are asked to be evaluated by the Web users. As to creative writing, it becomes frequent on the Web and includes interactive stories, illustrated texts and even Web-based drama. The Web attracts artists by an inexpensive way of presenting their work and a built-in global audience. This is something about which artists could only dream before.

Of course, there are some arts that couldn’t be placed on Web sites. But it may be a matter of future.

Notes

Creative writings- литературные произведения

Tech support-техническая помощь

Visual art-изобразительное искусство

Mall-большой торговый центр

COMPREHENSION CHECK

Exercise1. Answer the questions.

LANGUAGE ACTIVITY

Exercise1. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying special attention to the word “the latter”.

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