Фрагмент отчета по Лабораторной работе «Принципы»

The effect is due to the screening of the external magnetic field by diamagnetic (Meissner)

currents occurring in a thin surface layer of the superconductor (in a real superconductor, the

current-carrying layer thickness is about 0.1 mcm). The superconductor behaves as an ideal

diamagnetic. The effect depends on the magnetic field intensity and the degree of the metal structure homogeneity (presence of dislocations, deformations, inhomogeneities).

The Meissner effect formed the basis for the creation of magnetic screens and magnetic

supports.

KRAGELSKY EFFECT

The Kragelsky effect (non-wear effect) consists of the absence of wear of rubbing surfaces

under a dynamic equilibrium between the amount of the material removed from a surface and

deposited thereon.

An electric field caused mainly by galvanic processes and thermoelectrization is generated in the

clearance between the friction surfaces. Due to diffusion and electrophoretic transport, the

particles are deposited on the friction surfaces, which forms a protective oily film 1 to 2 mcm thick. Hence, a dynamic equilibrium occurs between the removal of the material from the surface and its deposition on the contact surfaces.

For the oily layer to be formed, a liquid (lubricating) medium, a combination "body 1 -

liquid medium - body 2", and the absence of oxidizing medium are required.

The degree that the microroughnesses are filled depends on the roughness of the contact surfaces' , their geometry, the surface modification technique, coefficient of mutual overlapping, lubricating medium, temperature in the contact region, regime of coupling work (loading of 30...150 MPa, sliding velocity of 0.001...0.1 m/s), etc.. The relevant coefficient of friction is 0.09...0.3. The effect is most conspicuous in steel - bronze, steel - brass friction pairs.

BEARING

The result of strong wear of roller bearings is a small contact area of

roller bodies and supports in the contact zone.

It is proposed to increase the contact area by creating on the

contacting surfaces of an oily film (Kragelsky effect). The film is formed

by introducing metal-cladding lubricants (nonoxidizing lubricant +

fine-dispersion copper powder). During rubbing of the bodies, the

fine-dispersion particles are crushed and deposited on the contacting

surfaces thus increasing the contact area and preventing roller body and

support failure. This enables the service life and the load of the roller

bearings to be increased.

Selective Transport in Heavily Loaded Friction Units. Moscow, 1982

FINISH

When honing the face of a cylinder, the latter is saturated with abrasive

particles which are not easy to remove in full. During the engine

operation, the particles are washed away by the oil and cause an increased

wear of the parts.

It is proposed to use the nonwear effect (Kragelsky effect). A thin

layer of brass, bronze or copper is applied to the treated sleeve surface

by friction. This makes easier the sleeve's alignment with the piston.

FOCUSING

Focusing is the convergence of a number of beams of radiation,

substance or field into a single beam.

It occurs as a result of

the re-distribution of the flows of substance and energy and eventually

bringing them together. Focusing does not require additional

energy consumption due to the geometrical form of the energy

transformer: lens, mirror or surfaces which fulfill their

function. The minimal size of the focal spot (for a beam of

charged particles) is determined by lens aberrations, spatial

charge and the dispersion of initial velocities of particles.

Effectiveness of the focusing grows with an increase in the flow

density and a decrease in the interaction area. The minimal

size of the focal spot of the electron beam can be less than 1

mcm.

This permits the energy up to 109 W/cm2 to be obtained.

Examples:

Example for principle 16 - Partial or excessive actions

UNFINISHED VESSEL (Незаконченное судно)

How can a vessel built in a river shipyard be launched into the sea if it is too large to pass under bridges? It is proposed to launch the vessel unfinished - without superstru tures. These are delivered to a sea port by land and are mounted on the deck immediate ly before putting the vessel to sea.

Как судно, построенное в реке, будет запущено в море, если оно слишком большое, чтобы проходить под мостами?

Предлагается запустить судно незавершенным - без надстроек. Они будут доставлены в морской порт по суше и установлены на палубе непосредственно перед вводом судна в море.

Examples:

Example for principle 32 - Color changes

DARKENING A CAR GLASS (Затемнение автомобильных стекол)

Drivers can be blinded by the headlights of another car in the rear-view mirror.

It is proposed to remove this disadvantage by using a special glass coating.

The rear window of a car can be coated with a nickel oxide film and an electrically conductive tin oxide layer. The coefficient of transparency of such a coat changes under the action of an electric current. This enables the driver to change the intensity of the light entering.

Водители могут быть ослеплены светом фар другого автомобиля в зеркало заднего вида. Предлагается, удалить этот недостаток с помощью специального покрытия стекла. Заднее стекло в автомобиле может быть покрыто пленкой оксида никеля и электропроводящий слой оксида олова. Коэффициент прозрачности такого слоя изменяется. Это позволяет водителю изменять интенсивность попадающего света.

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