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Task IV. Translate into Russian



A. 1. Сейчас много детей находится на домашнем обучении. 2. В данное время у многих детей слабые речевые навыки. 3. Дети с двигательными нарушениями обучаются отдельно. 4. Сейчас сеть детских специализированных учреждений быстро развивается. 5. В нашей стране много детей с плохим зрением и другими видами физических недостатков.

В. Участник 1.- Здравствуй. Давно не виделись. Как дела? Участник 2. – Привет! Все хорошо. Я участвовал в конференции по проблемам детей с физическими недостатками. 1. – Да, сейчас это важная тема для обсуждения. Какой доклад вы готовили? 2. – Я готовил доклад по проблемам слепых детей и детей с плохим зрением. 1 – Я знаю, что в России 42 спец-колледжа для инвалидов. Ты знаешь о музыкальной школе для слепых в Курске? 2.- Я знаю, но мы говорили об учреждениях, которые заботятся о маленьких слепых детях.

1. – В каком возрасте детей принимают в специализированные детские сады? 2. – В 3 или 4 года, а затем они распределяются по узко-специализированным группам. Помочь детям так рано как возможно – это главное. 1. – Ты молодец! Желаюуспеха!

 

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

 

(ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder of the neuro-developmental type in which there are significant problems of attention and/or hyperactivity and acting impulsively that are not appropriatefor a person's age.

These symptoms must begin by age 6 to 12 and be present for more than six months for a diagnosis to be made.Despite being the most commonly studied, the cause in the majority of cases is unknown. It affects about 6 to 7 % of children. Rates are similar between countries and depend mostly on how it is diagnosed.

ADHD is approximately three times more frequent in boys than in girls. About 30 to 50 percent of people diagnosed in childhood continueto have symptoms into adulthood and between 2 and 5 percent of adults have the condition.

 

ADHD management

ADHD management usually involves some combination of councelling, lifestyle changes, and medications.

Medications are only recommended as a first-line treatment in children who have severe symptoms. Long term effects of medications are not clear and they are not recommended in preschool aged children. Adolescents and adults tend to develop coping skills.

Most healthcare providers accept ADHD as a genuine disorder with debate in the scientific community mainly around how it is diagnosed and treated.

Inattention, hyperactivity (restlessness in adults), disruptive behavior, and impulsivity are common in ADHD. The symptoms can be difficult to define as it is hard to draw a line at where normal levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity end and significant levels requiring interventions begin. To be diagnosed, symptoms must be observed in two different settings for six months or more and to a degree that is greater than other children of the same age.

Based on the presenting symptom ADHD can be divided into three subtypes—predominantly inattentive,

predominantly hyperactive-impulsive,

or combined type if criteria for both other types are met.

An individual with inattention may have some or all of the following symptoms:

Be easily distracted, miss details, forget things, and frequently switch from one activity to another

Have difficulty maintaining focus on one task

Become bored with a task after only a few minutes, unless doing something enjoyable

Have difficulty focusing attention on organizing and completing a task or learning something new

Have trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often losing things (e.g., pencils, toys, assignments) needed to complete tasks or activities

Not seem to listen when spoken to

Daydream, become easily confused, and move slowly

Have difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as others

Struggle to follow instructions

An individual with hyperactivity may have some or all of the following symptoms:

Fidget and squirm in their seats

Talk nonstop

Dash around, touching or playing with anything and everything in sight

Have trouble sitting still during dinner, school, doing homework, and story time

Be constantly in motion

Have difficulty doing quiet tasks or activities

An individual with impulsivity may have some or all of the following symptoms:

Be very impatient

Blurt out inappropriate comments, show their emotions without restraint, and act without regard for consequences

Have difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turns in games

Often interrupts conversations or others' activities

 

People with ADHD more often have difficulties with social skills, such as social interaction and forming and maintaining friendships. About 50% of children and adolescents with ADHD experience rejectionby their peers compared to 10–15 % of non-ADHD children and adolescents.

Training in social skills, behavioral modification and medication may have some limited beneficial effects. The most important factor in reducing later psychological problems, such as major depression, criminality, school failure, and substance use disorders is formation of friendships with people who are not involved in delinquent activities.

Difficulties managing anger are more common in children with ADHD as are poor handwriting and delays in speech, language and motor development.

Although it causes significant impairment, particularly in modern society, many children with ADHD have a good attention span for tasks they find interesting.

 

Psycho-social

There is good evidence for the use of behavioral therapies in ADHD and they are the recommended first line treatment in those who have mild symptoms or are preschool-aged.

Psychological therapies used include: psycho-educational input, behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, family therapy, school-based interventions, social skills training, parent management training, and neuro-feedback.

Parent training and education have been found to have short-term benefits. There is little high quality research on the effectiveness of family therapy for ADHD, but the evidence that exists shows that it's similar to community care and better than a placebo.

 

Prognosis

An 8 year follow up of children diagnosed with ADHD (combined type) found that they often have significant difficulties in adolescence, regardless of treatment or lack thereof.

In the US, less than 5 % of individuals with ADHD get a college degree, compared to 28 % of the general population aged 25 years and older. The proportion of children meeting criteria for ADHD drops by about half in the three years following the diagnosis and this occurs regardless of treatments used.

ADHD persists into adulthood in about 30 to 50 percent of cases.

 




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