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Theme 9. The soviet Kazakhstan in the 1920-1940es



 

 

1. Economy modernization: industrialization and collectivization. Realization methods and consequences in Kazakhstan.

2. Cultural revolution in Kazakhstan.

3. Mass and political repressions in Kazakhstan. Deportation of the people to Kazakhstan.

 

 

1) In the first half of the 20es the Soviet authority was approved in the country, its government bodies were created, the USSR was formed in 1922. Implementation of the doctrine of socialism creation begins from the middle of the 20es in the USSR. The main links of such construction were industrialization – country transformation from agrarian into industrially developed, industrial; agriculture collectivization – association of separate, small-scale country enterprises and creation of a socialist collective farm; cultural revolution – war against illiteracy, creation of an education system, science and culture.

In December, 1925 the XV congress was held, which defined course on country industrialization. Industrialization was objectively necessary, had the regularities. Firstly, Russia was never among the developed, the success of the New Economic Policy allowed to achieve only level of 1914, and it was insignificant. The industry yielded only 20-25% of national revenue, 80% of the

 


 

amateur population was engaged in primitive, antiquated, household production. Secondly, there were no whole branches: mechanical engineering, instrument making, aircraft industry, chemical technology, etc., as a whole, national economy was in a preindustrial stage of development. Then I.Stalin said "We lag behind the advanced countries for 50-100 years. We have to run this distance in ten years. We will make it, or we will be crumpled".

The country heads for the accelerated industrialization. If industrial revolution, as a rule, begins with group "B" development - production of commodities, I.Stalin gives a priority to group "A" development - production of means, i.e. puts a problem "upside down" for this reason everyone joined the race behind kilograms, tons, poods, kw/hours. Hence, as a result, continuous commodity hunger, deficiency of consumer goods.

Kazakhstan had to become one of the main areas of the accelerated industrialization. In Kazakhstan industrialization had the features. Enormous richness of subsoil and practical lack of the industry centers, transport lines, communications, power industry, mass illiteracy and personnel hunger - it is not the full list of difficulties.

In the 20-30es in the republic there was a hard-fought ideological battle around questions of the republic future, in particular the ways of its industrialization, creation of national shots. The main fight inflamed between two points of view:

1) The first secretary of the Kazakh regional Committee F.I.Goloschekin (1925-1933) actively pursuing policy of centers supported creation in the republic of a mining industry and railway transport for raw material transportation to the central regions of the country. Thus, transformation of Kazakhstan into a source of raw materials of industrially developed regions of the USSR was foreseen.

2) It was opposed by the politician S.Sadvakasov. He openly opposed a policy of the party and its heads that saw in suburbs, including in Kazakhstan mainly a source of raw materials for the central industry. He supported complex development of those industries for which in Kazakhstan there were all conditions: raw materials and labor.

However F.I.Goloschekin's point of view prevailed, and it is clear, this was the center line.

From the very beginning of industrialization the raw orientation of Kazakhstan industry was defined by the central bodies of the union. It was relied on development of its richest subsoil, on development of extracting branches of nonferrous metallurgy, coal and oil industry. In 1928-29 in the republic 50 geological expeditions worked on studying its natural resources, and in 1931 the quantity of such parties reached 140.

Rapid development was gained by the coal industry. Kazakhstan came to the third place on coal mining after Donbass and Kuzbass. On oil production the republic was on the third place after Russia and Azerbaijan. Kazakhstan came to the second place in the union on production of non-ferrous metals.

 


 

The republic turned into industrially (58.9%) - agrarian (41.1%). In 1939 Kazakhstan made 73.9% of allied lead, 54% of allied copper, gave 20% of oil, gave out 6.3 million t of coal for a year and became the third coal base of the country. The number of the cities grew from 40 (in 1926) to 81 (in 1939), the urban population for the same years grew from 8.2% to 27.7%.

In the years of industrialization large constructions such as, the Chimkent lead plant, Balkhash copper-smelting and Ashisay polymetallic combines, the Zhezkazgan copper-smelting combine, the Ust Kamenogorsk lead plant and many others were constructed.

Construction of Turksib 1445 km long from the Lugovaya station to Semipalatinsk became the first-born of industrialization of Kazakhstan.

The industry of Kazakhstan develops higher rates, in comparison with allied (table No. 1).

 

 

Table 1. Growth of industrial production (1913 - 1940)

 

 

  Increased: Oil production   Growth in the Union   in Kazakhstan  
3 times   5.9 times  
 
Coal mining   5.7 times   70 times  
Electric power development   23.7 times   700 times  
Extent of railway ways   1.4 times   3.1 times  

 

 

Despite huge success in this process, as a whole, the direction of national economy development of the republic remained still raw.

1) In the republic there were no enterprises for oil, gas, non-ferrous metals processing. Group "A" (production of means) was relied on, group "B" (production of commodities) was ignored.

2) There were no branches of mechanical engineering, instrument making and machine-tool construction, there were no new technologies.

3) Practically there was no light industry.

4) The center decided to save funds for preparation of local staff.

5) Industrialization, owing to the known reasons, led to serious demographic changes. In Kazakhstan 559 thousand people arrived for admission, independently about 1 million 800 thousand people arrived. Owing to what a position of the Kazakhs as a part of the population was reduced from 57.6% in 1926 to 38.0% in 1939, at the same time the share of the Russians increased for the same years from 20.9% to 40.2%.

Elimination of industrial backwardness of the country became the main outcome of industrialization. In the late thirties the USSR was a part of three-four countries of the planet, capable to make any kind of the industrial output available at that time to the mankind.

 


 

In the Soviet historiography the decisions of the XV congress of Communist Party (December 1925) were treated as a course on mass collectivization of the village.

Kazakhstan was carried by the will of the Stalin management to that regional group where collectivization was supposed to have been finished by the spring of 1932. It was necessary "to jump" over these forced terms by all means. As a result a "percent" of collectivization became the main criterion, the main criterion of business qualities of the local machinery. But the problem was complicated here by local features. It was necessary to solve previously a number of such problems, as repartition of haying and arable grounds, property confiscation of Bayis, population settlement on the nomadic and semi-nomadic areas. It was affected both on serious economic and political backwardness of the region. But F. Goloschekin and his surrounding excited unprecedented rate of transformations. If in 1928 cooperation captured only 2%, then by spring of 1930 – 50.5%, by October, 1931 -65%, autumn 1932 - from 70 to 100% of farms, i.e. collectivization came to the end in 78 of 122 rural areas.

Collectivization is accompanied by mass terror and lawlessness, especially against so-called the kulaks. When peasants nevertheless did not show "good will" and did not want to get rid of a private property, they were tried other "educational measures". For example, disfranchisement, eviction threats out of the areas of residence or preventive arrest.

In total in Kazakhstan 180 015 people were subjected to repressions. Arbitrariness caused mass discontent of the population. At the beginning of 1929-31 in Kazakhstan there were 372 revolts, about 80 thousand people participated in them. Only in 1929-33 according to the data 9 805 cases were opened, 3 386 people were shot, 13 151 people were sent to concentration camps. With special cruelty the policy of subsidence the nomadic population was carried out in the region. In winter cold people and cattle were driven hundreds versts away to the steppe, streets so-called Kaztowns were pulled around with the ropes, yurts were put in a line. Because of the hunger, mass concentration of cattle epidemics and mortality began. Thus, in Turgaysky area from 1 million heads in 1930 there were 98 thousand or less than 10%, in the Auliye-Atinsky district from 500 thousand heads there were about 7 thousand, in the Shubartausky area in 1933 from 98 thousand heads remained only 917. As a whole, across Kazakhstan from 40 million heads (in conversion to cattle), there were about 5 million or the livestock was reduced by 8 times. And such mass reduction of cattle happened in conditions when there were no climatic cataclysms (a drought, a crop failure, jute, etc.). It was the direct result of criminal acts of the power.

All this was followed by man-made mass hunger of 1932-33 and real loss of which made 1 million 321 thousand people, indirect losses (i.e. a possible natural increase) - 798 thousand people, or the general losses made 2 million 119 thousand people. The mass protest resulted in the so-called armed wandering out of borders of the republic 1 million 30 thousand people left, later 414 thousand people

 


 

returned back. They were enormous losses for the Kazakh ethnos when it was considered that its total number on census of 1926 made only 3 million 628 thousand people. The Bolsheviks organized hunger everywhere: in Ukraine, in Russia, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, etc., but such mass genocide was not experienced by any people. 40 years is required to restore the former number of ethnos.

2) In the system of national education the Soviet government did a great job. Unconditional achievement of the Soviet authority is implementation of continuous literacy and development of national education system. From the first days of the Soviet authority the government adopts various declarations, provisions and decrees for the fight against illiteracy. The basic principles of the Soviet educational system – free of charge education, coeducation of girls and boys, cancellation of all types of punishment were proclaimed there.

Training of the qualified experts, capable to operate economy, the state and party machinery became the main core of a cultural revolution.

Education system development is (from elimination of mass illiteracy to the higher education), certainly, one of large achievements of the Soviet authority. Everywhere free schools are created, actively there is a work on madrasah transformation, schools, and the Russian-Kazakh schools to the Soviet. In 1925 at Kazakhstan schools the common sample of certificates, 5-mark system of assessment was established. By the beginning of the 30es in Kazakhstan compulsory primary education (1930), later compulsory seven-year education (1931) is entered.

Huge work was done on methodical providing of the schools. A.Bukeykhanov ("Geography"), M. Zhumabayev ("Pedagogics"), Zh.Aymauytov ("Didactics"), B. Omarov ("Algebra"), A.Baytursynov, M. Dulatov etc. were the authors of the first textbooks and educational development.

In the 20es in Kazakhstan the science develops, first scientific institutions appears: chemical and biological laboratory (1922), Regional station of plants protection (1924), Sanitary and bacteriological institute (1925), etc. The academic structure of science - the Kazakhstan base Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932), and since 1938 Kazakh AN KSSR branch are created in the early thirties.

In 20-30 in Kazakhstan the system of higher educational institutions develops. In 1926 at the Tashkent highest teacher training college the Kazakh faculty was formed. In 1928 the faculty was transferred to Alma-Ata and transformed to the Kazakh teacher's college. In 1935 I received a name of Abay. Then some more higher education institutions are opened: zoo veterinary institute (1929), agricultural institute (1930), medical institute (1931), mining and metallurgical institute (1934), the Kazakh state university (1934) and teacher training, teacher's colleges in Uralsk, Semipalatinsk, Aktyubinsk, Petropavlovsk and Kustanai. By 1941 there had been 20 higher educational institutions in the republic.

 

 


 

Literature gained considerable development. The works of A. Baytursynov, Sh. Kudayberdiyev, M.Zhumabayev, Zh. Aymautov were very popular. There is a group of young, talented representatives "proletarian' literatures – S.Seyfullin , B.Mailin, I. Zhansugurov, S. Mukanov, M Auezov, etc. Music and dramatic art is created. In 1934 the Kazakh State musical theater opens, which first performance was "Ayman-Sholpan, M. Auezov, “Shuga” B. Mailin. A.Koshaubayev, I.Bayzakov, K. Bayseitova, Sh. Zhiyenkulova, Zh. Shanin's names, etc. are very popular.

Transformations in public and cultural life were accompanied by mass repressions and lawlessness. Mass and political repressions - one of the saddest pages in the history of Kazakhstan. During carrying out collectivization and dispossession of kulaks, and also the first political processes over "enemies of the people" the ominous role was found by Head department of People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs camps of the USSR. GULAG became a place where from a back-breaking hard labor, malnutrition, humiliations perished hundred thousands of people. The territory of Kazakhstan was turned into huge camp. The huge camp - Karlag (1930) was created in the territory of Kazakhstan with several offices.

Terror accrued from year to year and by the middle of the 30es captured nearly a half of the population of the country. If during 1929-31 in the republic 193 cases of so-called nationalist groups with coverage of 10 thousand of population were fabricated, only in 1937 106 thousand people were subjected to repressions, out of them 22 thousand were shot.

In the thirties the national intellectual elite was almost completely destroyed: A. Baytursynov, M. Dulatov, M. Zhumabayev, T. Ryskulov, N. Nurmakov, S. Seyfullin, I. Zhansugurov, B. Mailin, S. Asfendiyarov and many others. Only on the case of "Alash-Orda" 4 297 people were repressed, out of them 2 062 were shot.

One of terrifying phenomena of the Soviet reality of the 30-40es was deportation of ethnic communities from their traditional places of residence to the remote regions of the country. Their extrajudicial character, contingency were the main features of deportations as repressions. According to the historian Pavel Polyan, in the USSR ten nation were subjected to total deportation: the Koreans, the Germans, Finns-Ingria people, the Karachays, the Kalmyks, the Chechens, the Ingushs, the Balkars, the Crimean Tatars and the Meskhetian Turks.

In September, 1937 on the basis of the joint resolution of People's Commissars Council and Central Committee the All-Union Communist Party (b) No. 1428 — 326 "About eviction of the Korean population from the borders of Far East territory", signed by Stalin and Molotov, 172 thousand ethnic Koreans were moved from the border regions of the Far East to uninhabited virgin regions of Central Asia (generally Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan).

On August 28, 1941 the decree of Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR liquidated the Autonomous Republic of Germans of the Volga region. 367

 

 


 

000 Germans were deported to the east (preparation took two): to the Komi Republic, to the Urals, to Kazakhstan, Siberia and to Altai.

In 1943 — 1944 mass deportations of the Kalmyks, the Ingushs, the Chechens, the Karachays, the Balkars, the Crimean Tatars, the Nogais, the Meskhetian Turks, the Pontic Greeks, the Bulgarians, the Crimean Roma, the Kurds were carried out.

By the end of the 30es the totalitarian mode was approved, terror became the main method of management, collective nature turned into a screen behind which newly imperial system was hidden. Accepted in 1936 the constitution of the USSR declared democratic principles and human rights only on paper.

 

 

 




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