Theme 5. Ethnic processes on the territory of Kazakhstan. Ethnogenesis of Kazakh nation. Kazakh khanate formation

1. Ethnogenesis of Kazakh nation: stages, main aspects, problems.

2. The Kazakh zhuzes: the formation, the territory and ethnical and tribal structure. The term “Kazakh”

3. Kazakh khanate formation

According to generally accepted definition, Ethnogenesis (from the Greek Éthnos - tribe, people and ... genesis) - the process of the ethnic community formation on the basis of different ethnic components.

In the scientific literature confirmed the understanding of the ethnic group (i.e. the people - a tribe, nation, nations), as "historically sustainable set of people, who have not only common external physical traits, but relatively stable features of culture (including language) and the psyche and the consciousness of its unity and isolation from other ethnic groups (i.e. self-consciousness) established by the self-name(ethnonym). To form an ethnic group and further maintaining its integrity, the significance is unity of the territory. To have common traits that distinguish them from the other ethnic groups, they have to communicate with each other continuously, and this is possible only in the condition of their settlement, at least, during the formation and consolidation of the ethnic group, within a single, permanent territory."

The formation of nationality is a long process, the time of its final formation is difficult to bind to some dated lengthof time. However, the set of historical, archaeological and ethnographic, anthropological and linguistic sources suggests that the formation of Kazakh nation in the XIV-XVcc. is basically completed.

Ethnic basis of Kazakh nation, as a number of other Turkics nations of Central Asia, also formed in the XIV-XV centuries, were formed by numerous tribes and people - from the Saks, the Usuns, the Kangüy, the Huns, the Turkics: the Turgeshes, the Karluks, the Oghuzes, the Kimaks, the Qipchaqs to the Naimans, the Argyns, the Kireis, the Kongrats,the Zhalairs, the Duglats and many others, who inhabited at different times in Kazakhstan. Some of them at various periods had their state. Many of the ancient Turkic tribal and tribal names keep among the Kazakhs and at a later time.

Main stages of the formation of Kazakh nation can be approximately shown by the following: The first stage - bronze Age (II millennium BC), the second stage – Saka-Skythuan period (VII-III cc. BC), the third stage - Hun-Sarmatian period (II c. BC.- V c. AD), the fourth stage - Turkic – Qipchaq period (YI- beginning of the ХIII cc.), the fifth period - Mongol period (ХIII - ХIV cc.), the sixth stage – Disintegration of the Golden Horde and the completion of the formation of Kazakh nation (second half of the ХIV – first half of the ХV cc.).

There are different point of views on the problems of determining the origin and time of Kazakh nation formation:

1)A. Levshin referring to “Shah-name” by Ferdowsi pointed out “Kazakhs-horsemen armed with spears”, that “those people are not inferior in antiquity to the Naimans, the Kirgyzs and other nation”. “It is proved that Ferdowsi lived in about 1020, i.e. two centuries earlier before coming Mongol-Tatar in the west, in “History of Rustam” mentions about Kazakh nation and Kazakh khans”.

As for Levshin’s opinion, prominent scientist T.Sultanov pointed out “Since publishing of famous book by Levshin about Kazakh nation (1832) there has been an opinion in works of some scientist that “Shah-name” of great Persian poet Ferdowsi (X-XIcc), in the chapter about Rustam it is supposedly said about Kazakhs and Kazakh khans. However, content of the immortal work is well known to orientalists, and there is no word about Kazakhs”.

2)Ch.Ch.Valikhanov came to two very important conclusions: the first – the Kazakhs are the nation of Turkic origin, the second – Kazakh nation were formed as a result of Turkic and Mongol component mixture. “Kyrgyz-Kaisaki belong to Turkic people according to the language and are respected by many” – Ch.Ch.Valikhanov wrote. The formation of Kazakh nation Ch.Ch. Valikhanov refers to the period of the Golden Horde disintegration, that is by the end of the XIV – first half of the XVcc. According to his words “Kazakh nation (as we call ourselves) was formed from the union of different Turkic and Mongol tribes during internal war in Horde”.

Positions of Ch.Ch.Valikhanov and V.V.Veljaminov-Zernov are close in problem of Kazakh ethnogenesis . V.V.Veljaminov-Zernov belives, that “Kazakh nation were actually formed in the disintegration period of Abulkhair’s ulus, but not earlier”. That is in the second half of the author, as we can see, is very close to Ch.Ch.Valikhanov’s conception about pro-Mongol period of Kazakh nation formation (N.A.Aristov).

Among many aspects of the origin of Kazakh nation we can mark out two cores: linguistic and anthropological.

There are several stages in the development of the Ethnogenetic process. According to anthropological data, in the process of ethnic development during long time persistently remained European type of the population which underwent over time more or less strong (in different areas) change in the direction of Mongoloid.

The craniology data show a gradual increase of the "eastern" stem elements of the population of Kazakhstan.

2) The Kazakh zhuzes – a big ethnoterritorial union (or unions) of tribes, which formed on the basis of a certain economic-cultural type, ethnical and political processes in the age of the formation, the formation of Kazakh nation and its ethnic territory. Such associations in the history of the Kazakhs were Senior, Middle and Junior zhuzes.

History of the zhuzes has been studied by many researchers, and opinions on the this problem are different:

1) S.A.Amanzholov believes, that the division of the protokazakh territory into three zhuzes happened in the pre-Mongol period in the X-XII centuries.

2) N.A.Aristov relates this process to the age of Zhungar invasion (XVII-first half of the XVIIIcc.).

3) Ch.Ch.Valikhanov division of the Kazakhs to the three zhuzes refers to the "period of troubles" (period of the Golden Horde disintegration), when "... to safeguard their rights in their place were unions."

Ch.Ch. Valikhanov’s opinion on the causes, period of the zhuzes is closest to the truth, views of the following historians were closer to him. V.V. Barthold sees the cause of the zhuzes in different conditions of nomadic cattle-breeding, depending on the surroundings. One of these areas was Semirech’e and Middle Syr-Darya, the other – the Sarysu river and lower stream of the Syr-Darya, the third - Western Kazakhstan. V.V. Barthold’s opinion was supported by M.Vyatkin, saying that in addition to geographical factors, the political process played an important role. "Making some hordes, as special political alliances ..." M.Vyatkin refers to the end of the XVI century

The Kazakhs of the Senior zhuz traditionally occupied the territory of the Zhetysu in particular, the pools of the Ili River and its many tributaries, the foothills of the Junggar, the Zaili and the Kyrgyz Alatau, Karatau, between the Shu and the Talas, and also the areas of the upper and middle streams of the Syr-Darya. They were divided into the groups: the Zhalayr, the Oshakty, the Kangly, Duglat, the Albans, the Sary-uysuni, the Shaprashty, the Srgeli, the Ysty. Among the Kazakhs of the Senior zhuz also lived small groups of the tore and kozha.

The Kazakhs of the Middle zhuz traditionally occupied the territory of the Central, Northern, Eastern and Southern part of Kazakhstan - along the middle stream of the Syr-Darya. The Places of the migrations took up all space to the direction from west to east, from the Irgiz – the Turgay - the Tobol to the western Altai, the Tarbagatai and partly the Zhungar Alatau, and from north to south - from the middle stream of the Syr-Darya, the Betpak Dala Desert and the northern end of the Balkhash lake to the southern limits of the West Siberian Plain, capturing almost the area of the Turgay Plateau, Central Kazakhstan hills, pools of the middle stream of the Irtysh River, the lower and middle streams of the Ishim, the Torgay, the Tobol and reaching Kulunda and Ishim steppes. They were divided into groups: the Naimans, the Kereits, the Argyns, the Qipchaqs the Wakes, the Konrads, the Tarakty. Also tore, tolenguty, the Kyrgyz, the Turkmen, the Bakhtiar lived.

The Kazakhs of the Junior zhuz traditionally occupied the territory of Western Kazakhstan, from the Irgiz – the Torgay – the Tobol and the Mugojar mountains to the eastern end of the Caspian Sea and lower of the Ural and lower streams of the Amu-Darya and the Syr-Darya to the Ural and the Tobol, also Mangyshlak, northern Ustyurt, eastern part of the Caspian lowlands and uplands of Obshiy Sirt, the Emba and western Torgay plateau, the southern tip of the Ural, Mugodzhary, the northern part of the Turan lowland and the northern coast of the Aral Sea. They were divided into three major unions: Alimuly, Bayuly and Zhetyru.

In historical literature there are various interpretations of an origin of ethnonym "Kazakh". One brought it out of Turkic verbs kaz — "to dig", kez - "to

wander", kash — "to run, to escape"; others created improbable etymology of this word from kaz — "goose" and ak — "white". Generally the word "Kazak" ("Cossack") is Turkic.

But whatever origin a word "Kazakh" was from, it is undoubted that originally it had common meaning of free, homeless, a wanderer, an outcast.

Without having, thus, neither political value, nor the ethnic contents, the word "Kazakh" meant any free person who has broken away from the people and a tribe or the señor and compelled to conduct adventurer life. By the way from here the word "Kazak" ("Cossack") appers in Russian language. The Cossacks in Russia called the people without certain occupations and a constant residence, manumissions, and also civilian farm laborers, etc. Though the word "Cossack" is registered in the north of Russia since the end of the XIV century, but nevertheless the initial homeland of the Russian Cossacks historians consider the southern suburbs of Russia adjacent to the Qipchaq’s steppe which conditions gave to these outlaws a character of free society.

Differently, an initial meaning of the term "Cossack" - social: condition, situation, the status of the certain person, known collective at each moment in relation to the governor, the society, the state. So, the outcast who wanders about different places, feeding himself with the sword — the Cossack; the person who starts a long and dangerous journey on his own, without accompaniment, - the Cossack; a good fellow, according to the author "Tarikh - i Rashidi" M.Kh.Duglati, "tirelessly, with courage stealing herds of the enemy" — also the Cossack.

Any person could become the Cossack, he can be Turkic or Persian, the ordinary nomad cattle-farmer or the prince by birth in the tenth generation.

There are also some other opinions. So, for example, the term "Cossack" is compisition of the tribes' names "Caspi" and "Sак" and forms "Kassak". Some authors consider that at the heart of an origin of this term there are other ethnonyms, for example, "Kosogi", "Khazars", etc. Certain pre-revolutionary ethnographers and historians treated the word "Cossack" as "the free person", "fugitive".

In a word, there is still no exact and definite answer to a question of an origin of ethnonym "Cossack" in science.

3)One of the important stages of statehood evolution on the territory of Kazakhstan is the period of existence of Kazakh ethnos’s medieval state – the Kazakh khanate.

The appearance of the Kazakh khanate was a natural result of social and economic and ethnopolitical processes in the extensive territory of Eastern Deshti Qipchaq, Zhetysu and Turkestan (Southern Kazakhstan). The formation in the XIV—XV centuries of the united economic region on the basis of natural integration of areas with mixed economy, nomadic cattle breeding and settled -agricultural, urban — with the trade and craft direction of economy, prepared conditions for association of all lands of the region in one political structure. Strengthening of economic, cultural, political relations of nomadic and settled

population promoted an ethnic unification of the Kazakh clans and tribes, the actual completion of long process of nationality formation. These circumstances were the objective reasons and conditions of formation of actual Kazakh statehood. The aspiration of the created large ethnosocial community to monostatehood creation, to own social and territorial, state organization, is characteristic not only of late time i.e. time of the people formation, but also of the Middle Ages when the modern people formation in Central Asia region came to the end.

Overcoming of dissociation, political dissociation of parts of Kazakh nation in different state associations, is connected with Zhanybek and Kerei. Their dinastiyny interests, fight against other Chingizids for the power in the steppe coincided with interests of various social groups of the people, as from a nobility, and ordinary workers cattle-farmers and farmers. They objectively reflected aspiration of the consolidated people to creation of the independent state.

The concrete course of formation of the Kazakh khanate is connected with an internal political condition of two states on the territory of Kazakhstan — Abulkhair and Moghulistan's khanates whose historical destinies in the second half of the XV century came to the end with decline and disorder. In both states the economic power of the nomadic nobility amplified, its centrifugal aspirations grew. The most influential leaders of the clans and Eastern Deshti Qipchaq's tribes and Zhetysu strove for political independence or looked for the patron in the person of any of Chingizids, in the middle of the century continuing to challenge the power of khans of Abulkhair and Esen-Bugi.

The actions of the first Kazakh khans directed on creation and consolidation of the union state, were supported by the heads of the Kazakh clans and tribes as reflected interests of a dominating layer of the Kazakh society. Its considerable part rallied round Kerei and Zhanybek in 40 —50es in the southern regions of Kazakhstan — in Karatau's foothills, in lower reaches of the Syr-Darya, northern part of Turkestan. While Abulkhair khan was busy with fight for strengthening of the power in the steppe, successors of khans of Ak Horde provided the strong power in the south of Kazakhstan. Many leaders of clans dissatisfied with Abulkhair and tribes with their people were flown down.

In Zhanybek and Kerei's hands there were city centers and fortresses in Karatau's foothills and on the Syr-Darya — Suzak, Sygnak, Sauran and other less large fortresses. Nomadic clans supporting Janybek and Girey and tribes experienced considerable difficulties due to the lack of opportunity to make traditional seasonal moving to the steppe regions of Kazakhstan occupied with nomadic people of Abulkhair. The latter, in turn, were deprived of opportunity to move on habitual places of winterings to regions of the bottom and Central Syr-Darya, to conduct a trade exchange.

The hostile relations between tribes of ulus Shayban and the ulus of the Horde were even more aggravated after occupation of Suzak, Sygnak, Arkuka, Uzgend, Ak Kurgan in 1446 by Abulkhair. The nationals of Zhanybek and Kerei

concentrated in lower reaches of the Syr-Darya, east part of the foothills of Karatau. Nationals and Shaybanids suffered from this political dissociation and the Kazakh governors as traditional economic and cultural ties, ethnical and political mutually communication were broken. The provision of the Kazakh clans and the tribes subordinated by Kerei and Zhanybek, after Abulkhair's defeat from the Kalmaks (Oyrats) in the late fifties became even more constrained.

In the 20es of the XV century the Oyrats began to attack Zhetysu in search of pastures, prey, entry into trade centers. In the 50th they appeared in the territory of Turkestan. In 1457 Abulkhair khan suffered from them cruel defeat, ran from a battlefield. Having made the peace with Abulkhair on heavy conditions for him, the Oyrats went through the Shu to their lands, and Abulkhair began by cruel measures to bring an order to the uluses including in the south of Kazakhstan, punishing Jujid’s who did not recognize his power. Abulkhair's actions in embraced with disorder and indignation after piracy disorder uluses of Eastern Deshti Qipchaq, as well as inability of the Moghulistan khan to protect population of Zhetysu from piracy hordes, led to even bigger discontent of people.

The intestine wars almost not faded away and wars were hard reflected in the provision of people. Military operations tore off ordinary nomads from productive work, bore them disasters and ruin, diseases and death. Indignation of people poured out in typical for medieval nomadic society resistance form — leaving, moving out from under the power of the governor. Since the end of the 50es of the XV century within a decade there was one of such movings out is the mass travelling of part of the Kazakh population from Eastern Deshti Qipchaq, oases of Turkestan and Karatau's foothills in the western part of Zhetysu, on Moghulistan's territory. Zhanybek and Kerei headed the clans and the tribes left out of borders of Abulkhair’s khanate. News about it appeared for the first time in "Tarikh-i Rashidi" of Mahomed Haidar Dughlat. Mahmoud Ben Valy emphasizes that Zhanybek and Kerei refused to obey to Abulkhair khan, motivated their refusal by tradition of inheritance of the power in the steppes by Genghizids providing their right as descendants of khans of Ak Horde on the power in Eastern Deshti Qipchaq's.

The fact of the dissatisfied population was not the single act, and lasted for many years, testified the data of many sources. Especially it amplified after Abulkhair's death in 1468 and disintegration of his state: "While they [the Kazakh khans] flourished there, the Uzbek ulus after the death of Abulkhair khan came to frustration; big disorders began there. The most part of his nationals moved to Kerei khan and the Zhanibek khan so the number of the people who have gathered near them reached two hundred thousand". By this action the people began the subsequent association of separate groups of the Kazakhs, including semirechensky, into one state.

The Kazakh khanate at first occupied the territory of Western Zhetysu, Shu's valley and Talas. It united the Kazakh clans and tribes moved from both Central and Southern Kazakhstan and locals. Moghulistan's governor Esen-Buga had no

real forces to stop the Kazakhs who have moved here. He entered into alliance with the Kazakh leaders, hoping with their help to provide a cross-border security of Moghulistan from territorial claims of Abulkhair, Timurids, attacks of the Kalmaks. After the death of Esen-Buga in 1462 in Moghulistan came actually full anarchy. In these conditions the appearance and consolidation of the Kazakh khanate in Zhetysu was quite natural act. Mahomed Haidar Duglat carries time of Kazakh khanate formation to 870 hidzhry (1465 — 1466).

Today in a historiography the main opinions concerning the period of the Kazakh khanate formation are as following:

1) According to K.A.Akishev, it is necessary to consider the beginning of formation of the Uzbek and Kazakh statehood as the time of Abulkhair's khanate formation, i.e. 1428.

2) To accept as the greatest distribution in historical literature the dating of 1456. The supporters of this idea (M. Tynyshpayev, S. Zholdasbay, M. Magauin, K.Salgarin, etc.) consider that this year Kerei and Zhanibek moved to Western Moghulistan (Zhetysu) territory then at once the Kazakh khanate formed.

3) B. B. Karibayev on the basis of the legend data in compare with the materials of written sources, defined the time of the Kazakh khanate formation as the spring of 1458.

4) K.A.Pishchulina considers "the time of formation of the Kazakh khanate only can be approximately determined by the second half of the 60th of the XV century" and the date of that event was 870. 1465/66, offered by Mirza Haidar, in the first and only written sources of dating, is quite acceptable.

5) According to T.I.Sultanov, the Kyrgyz academician O.K. Karayev is solidary with him as well, Kerei and Zhanibek's supporters formed the Kazakh khanate only after Abulkhair's death, having come back from Semirech’e to the territory of Deshti Qipchaq, "i.e. not earlier than the 70th of the XV century", about 1470/71.

6) According to A.P.Chuloshnikov, his point of view is shared in the 50-60es of the XX century by the majority of researchers, formation of the Kazakh khanate was at the beginning of the XVI century after Mahomed Shaybani khan's leaving and his supporters from the territory of Kazakhstan to Central Asia.

7) N. Atygayev considers that for definition of the date of the Kazakh khanate formation, first of all, it is necessary to take into account the time of Kerei and Zhanybek's transition to Zhetysu, the events that become an important link in the formation of the khanate. And according to the author "the analysis of the data of the sources and a condition of historiographic development of a problem shows that Kerei and Zhanybek's moving to Zhetysu could take place only after 1458. The most acceptable dating of this event in 1459. Favorable conditions for creation of the state by Kerei and Zhanybek were established after the death of Esen in 1462. The only date of the Kazakh khanate formation available by the historical sources, is specified by Mirza Haidar as the 870 year of hizhra. There are no special reasons not to trust this approximate date".

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