Theme 4. Feudal states of the Middle Ages in the XIV-XV centuries

1. Ak Horde 2. Moghulistan

3. Abuklhair’s khanate (“The state of nomadic Uzbeks”) 4. Nogay Horde

1) Postmongolian period (the XIV-XV centuries) is characterized by ethnic consolidation of the nomadic, semi-nomadic and settled- agricultural population of the huge territory of Eastern Deshti Qipchaq, Zhetysu and Southern Kazakhstan (in Persian-and Turkic sources of the XIV-XVI centuries this part of Kazakhstan was called as Turkestan). Development of historical process on the way of formation of a unity, nationality and its statehood proceeded in difficult conditions of overcoming of the political dissociation of the region. The initial stage of this difficult period in history of Kazakhstan is characterized by disintegration of the Mongolian uluses – possessions of Genghisids in Deshti Qipchaq and Central Asia (Maverannahr); the final - formation of actually Kazakh state - the Kazakh khanate. Evolution of regional political life forms in the postmongolian time went through isolation of several states which have arisen on a local ethnic basis, - Ak

Horde, Moghulistan (Moghulistan - the state founded in the middle of the XIV century by Togluk-Timur), Abulkhair's Khanates (States of nomadic Uzbeks), Nogay Horde.

After the death of Juji, the sons inherited his vast possession. A large territory of contemporary Kazakhstan, which historians of those periods called Eastern Deshti Qipchaq entered into the structure of possession of an older son Juji – Orda-Ezhen.

On the territory of Eastern Deshti Qipchaq the state – Ak Horde existed in the middle of the XIII-in the first third of the XVcc. The territory of Ak Horde included a huge territory from the Zhaik river to the west Siberian Lowland, also lower and middle reaches of the Syr-Darya.

The political centre of the Ak Horde was Sygnak. Some historians, researchers call this state formation Kok Horde. At first the possessions of Orda-Ezhen were called Kok Horde, and Shaibanid’s ulus Ak Horde. After entering Shaibanid’s ulus into the structure of possessions successors of Orda-Ezhen, Ak Horde was the name of all state. From the end of XIV c. lands of Ak Horde were also called Uzbek ulus.

The history of ulus system formation and development of the Mongolian empire in the territory of Eastern Deshti Qipchaq is closely connected with a problem of terms Ak Horde and Kok Horde - the names of two main ulusny units as a part of the Juji state, formed after the death of Juji. Not always clear, sometimes inconsistent data of medieval sources on location of Ak Horde and Kok Horde forced force researchers to make various assumptions.

The main source which is lean on or which is criticized by modern researchers, is "Muntakhab at-tavarikh-and Mu• ini" ("the Muinovsky elite history") Mu in ad-Din Natanzi. This composition of the Persian-speaking author of the beginning of the XV century is better known in research literature as "Iskander's Anonymous". The part of the original text which is interesting to us is completely published in the original and translated by S.L.Volin in V.G.Tizengauzen's collection.

Having stated the events connected with fight of Tokta and Nogay, ended in death of the latter, Natanzi sums up: "After that Ulus Juji was divided into two parts. Those which refer to the left wing, that is limits of Ulug-taga, Segiz-yagach and Karatal to Tuysen's limits (Tules, Tumen), Dzhend and Barchkenda's vicinities, were approved behind descendants of Nogay, and they began to be called as sultans of Ak Horde; the right wing which Ibir-Sibir, Rus, Libka, Ukek, Madzhar, Bulgar, Bashgird and Saray Berke refer to, appointed descendants of Toktay, and they were called sultans of Kok Horde".

Concerning broached issue among modern researchers there is no consensus:

1) Coming back to a historiography of a problem of Ak Horde and Kok Horde, it should be noted that in the latest researches the search of its solution was continued. T.I.Sultanov reconsidered the former opinion a little and suggested

applying this terminology only for Eastern Deshti Qipchaq: Kok Horde — a rate of Juji, then possession of Orda, Ak Horde — Shiban's. There was also another etymology of Kok Horde as "yurtas of blue color. In other work T.I.Sultanov nevertheless agreed with opinion that names of Ak Horde and Kok Horde are connected with division of the Ulus Juji into the right and left wings: "Apparently... the term Kok Horde became a designation of estate of all tsarevitches of the left wing... Obviously, a horde — a rate of the tsarevitch of Batu... in Volga region steppes also had the special name. Most likely, it was called as Ak Horde". The researcher admitted the fact that such important point as the state name, "isn't recorded by medieval authors".

2) K.A.Pishchulina gave the reasons and the argument in this question as well. In her opinion, Kok Horde of Orda khan broadened the lands at the expense of the territory and the population of Ak Horde Shibana. This united Ak Horde in the territory Eastern Deshti Qipchaq also was recorded by Mu• in ad-Din Natanzi. The author also proceeds from the opinion that at the heart of names of hordes lay the color geosymbolics on parts of the world (kok — east, ak — west).

3) In V.V.Trepavlov's works the color geosymbolics in connection with a sorted problem has the further development. Continuing G.A.Fedorov-Davidov's thought of secondary division of the Ulus Juji at Tokta, the researcher offered more expanded argument. In his opinion, not only ulus Batu at Tokta was divided into wings (khan and berlarbek), but also ulus of Orda went through it. The latter was divided between Orda himself and his younger brother Shiban. Primary division — is Ak Horde of Batu and Kok Horde of Orda, secondary — it is Ak Horde of Shiban and again Kok Horde of Orda. V.V.Trepavlov's hypothesis was accepted by K.A.Pishchulina.

4) However historians' available material doesn't allow accepting similar interpretation. Some researchers incline more to the conclusion that color-meaning in names of hordes were typical only for the territory Eastern Deshti Qipchaq. T.I.Sultanov also spoke that N.N.Mingulov's special work was devoted to that moment. Unlike the predecessors (M.G.Safargaliyev, G.A.Fedorova-Davidova and "early" T.I.Sultanov) he considered that color names ("white" and "blue") were typical only for East Deshti Qipchaq. Thus Ak Horde was called the appanage of Orda, and Kok Horde, respectively, Shiban's appanage. Nevertheless, it is represented that N.N.Mingulov's rational assumption didn't receive the due argument. Obviously, for this reason it was subjected to criticism by his opponents 5) The fact that color designations were applied to hordes only in Eastern Deshti Qipchaq, indirectly confirm the data of the Russian chronicles. They are one of the main sources on describing the history of the Golden Horde (ulus Batu). Considering it, it is reasonable to look for them mentioning of the term "White Horde" as "The Golden Horde (the right wing of the ulus Juji) was always called as

Ak Horde".

6) Summing up the historian K.Uskenbay writes: "Application of the term of Ak Horde and Kok Horde was the phenomenon, typical only for the territory

Eastern Deshti Qipchaq. Thus Ak Horde was called the possession of eldest son Juji — Orda, and Kok Horde (the Blue Horde) — possession of the fifth son of Juji, Shiban. In the second half of XIV century there were the events which have caused the change in application of sorted terminology. The Shibanids, seized the power in the Golden Horde, renamed it to ulus. In turn, their territory at a boundary of the 60-70es of XIV century was finally attached to Ak Horde of Urus khan, the descendant of Orda khan.

The Turkic-speaking tribes inhabited for a long time in the steppes of Kazakhstan and also moved during the Genghis khan’s invasion from eastern areas then settled Ak Horde. Among ultimate population there were Turkic-speaking tribes, as well as the Mongol tribes which were assimilated by local Turkic tribes. The Qipchaqs, the Naimans, the Kereits, the Kongrats, the Argyns, and ets. lived here.

Such forms of landownership of aristocracy as Indju, Milk, Soiurgal existed in Ak Horde. Simple people paid such taxes as Kupchur, Zeket, Tagar to khans and aristocracy. The head of state was khan from Orda Ezhen’s clan.

On the first stage of Ak Horde’s history there was a long struggle for emancipation of the territory of Eastern Deshti Qipchaq from Golden Horde power. On the final stage there was acute struggle against aggression of Maverannahr’s ruler emir Timur and Timurids.

Chronological tables of Muslim dynasties list the names of Ak Horde khans in the following sequence: Orda-Ezhen, Sartak, Conichi, Bayan, Sasy-Buka, Erzen, Mubarak, Chimtay, Urus, Koyrchak and Barak. Altogether there are 11 khans.

Eventually Ak Horde separated from the Golden Horde in the middle of the XIV c. under Erzen and Mubarak khans and strengthened under Urus khan, who ruled in the 60-es-70-es XIVc.

At the beginning of XVc. Ak Horde disintegrated. The reasons of disintegration were external and internal wars for the power of Ak Horde and repeated invasions of Timur.

2)As a result of disintegration of Ak Horde, the state of Abulkhair was formed, which had other names – “the state of nomadic Uzbeks” and Uzbek khanate.

After the death of Barak khan Shibanid’s Abulkhair came to the power – the son of Daulet Shaih oglan in 1428. According to the information of Makhmud ibn Wali “younger Abulkhair was supported by approximately 200 important representatives of clans and tribes”. According to the “History of Abulkhair” of Masud ben Usman Kukhistani “Abulkhair was born in the year of dragon in 1412. He was an orphon in early ages”.

The territory of the Abulkhair’s khanate reached from Zhaik (Ural) to the Balkhash lake in the east, from the lower of the Syr-Darya and the Aral Sea in the south to the middle stream of the Tobol and Irtysh in the north.

Having come to the power Abulkhair began vigorous activity towards the unification of the Deshti Qipchaq territory which was parceled out to the separate possessions (uluses).

Syr-Darya area was ruled by Ahmad and Mahmud khans, who also owned a large part of the central Kazakhstan. On the Esyl there were the lands of Mustafa khan and a part of the Siberia subordinated Haji Mokhammed.

In 1430 Abulkhair had to struggle obstinately with Haji Mokhammed for the valley of the Tobol. After the victory over his opponent Abulkhair opposed against Ahmad and Mahmud khans. Not far from the Syr-Darya a new battle started, where Abulkhair again gained a victory. In 1446 Abulkhair commited campaign to the Syr-Darya and captured a number of towns – Sozak, Sygnak, Ak-Korgan, Uzgend. Sygnak became the new capital of the state.

Abulkhair’s khanate did not become a centralized state, it was divided into a several ethnical and territorial, ethnopolitical groups, possessions at the head with Genghized’s of different lines.

In the 50-es Abulkhair khan performed a plundering raid on Samarkand and Bukhara interfering the internal strife of Timurids in Maverannahr. Abulkhair was defeated by Oirats, who invaded into the south-eastern and southern part of Kazakhstan. The battle between the troops of Abulkhair and a ruler of Oirats Uz-Temir Taishi occurred in the area Kok-Kenes near Sygnak. Oirats captured many towns, including Turkestan, Tashkent, Otrar. Abulkhair was forced to sign a humiliating peace.

The reason of the defeat of Abulkhair khan from Oirats lies mainly in the inner weakness of his state. Constant dynastic strife) and civil strife of Genghiseds, separatism of the nomadic aristocracy of the clans and tribes, internal and extremal wars had led the state into a state of complete collapse and shakiness.

At the end of 50-es – at the beginning of 60-es to the western Moghulistan part of tribes migrated at the head with sultans Zhanibek and Kerei from Abulkhair.

In 1468 Abulkhair khan under took a campaign against Kerei and Zhanibek, but on his way he died. After the death of Abulkhair his state disintegrated.

3) Formation of Moghulistan is connected with disintegration of Shagatay’s state. By the middle of the XIV century the Shagataid’s state had broken up to Western and Eastern parts which became independent states. In western part (Maverannahr) feudal dissociation of the 50-60th was gradually overcome, there was a state of emir Timur. In eastern part, Moghulistan, the feudal nobility headed by the representative of a large tribe Duglat emir Puladchi in 1347-1348 set the khan of the new state the grandson of shagatayd Duva khan Togluk-Timur who managed to become the founder of a steady dynasty of governors of Moghulistan. About this event there are interesting data in "Tarikh-i Rashidi": "In the chronicle in mogulsky language it is said that the emir puladchi brought the khan at the age of sixteen… At the age of eighteen Togluk-Timur became a khan, at twenty four became the Muslim, and at thirty four died".

In the middle of the XIV century leading role in political life there played a leader of a tribe Duglat, headed movement for separation from Maverannahr. Duglats were in this moment one of Zhetysu’s largest Turkic tribes and occupied the considerable territory. The new state began to be called as a name approved even before East part of possession Shagatay’s, i.e. Moghulistan. Moghulistan's borders weren't constant, they changed throughout the sesquicentennial period of its existence. Moghulistan's borders, according to "Tarikh-i Rashidi" M.Kh.Duglati, were the following: "… that territory, which is called now as Moghulistan, has the extent of 7-8 months of a way in length and width. Moghulistan's east suburb adjoins lands of the Kalmaks and includes Barskul, Emil and the Irtysh. In the north its border passes along Kokcha-Tengiz (Balkhash), Boom and Karatal; in the west Moghulistan borders with Turkestan and Tashkent; in the south – with the vilayet Fergana, Kashgar, Max, Chalysh and the Turfan". That is Moghulistan's considerable part was made by the territory of South East Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. And further M.Kh.Duglati continues: "In Moghulistan there are many large rivers, in size equal to Dzheykhun (the Amu-Darya), among them the Or, the Emil, the Irtysh, the Shuylik (Shu) and the Naryn. These rivers are not less than the Seykhun (the Syr-Darya)... ".

Historical and geographical term Moghulistan (Mogholistan) occurs from ethnonym mogul (Mogol) as it was said in Central Asia and Kazakhstan and was written in Turkic and Persian historical compositions ethnonym mongol. So during the Shagatay’s ulus the extensive region of South East Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and northern part of East Turkestan began to call. There remained nomadic traditions, and rather large number (in comparison with other areas) of Mongols moved there.

As a part of Moghulistan's population there was a set of Turkic and Turkic Mongolian tribes: the Duglats, the Kangly, the Kireits, the Uysuns, the Arkenut, the Baariny, the Arlats, the Barlasy and others, made a Turkic ethnopolitical community with the name moguls (Mogols). Considerable part of these tribes subsequently entered in structure of Kazakh nationality, other part which was taking place in Prityanshanye and East Turkestan, in structure of Kyrgyz and Uyghurs.

In Moghulistan the khan was the political head of state and the Supreme owner of land. Here as well as in Ak Horde, were common such forms of conditional land tenure of the nobility, as ikta, inzhu, soyurgal. With the reign of the state the khan was helped by ulusbek (traditionally he was from emirs of a tribe Duglat), at the khan there was a council of the nobility. Official structure was developed more in settled and agricultural part of a state, especially in taxation and the organization of military forces.

Names of governors of Moghulistan can be given in the following sequence: Togluk Timur – 1348-1362, Ilyas Hodge – 1363-1365, Kamar ad-din – 1365-1389, Hyzr Hodge – 1389-1399, Shami Zhakhan – 1399-1408, Mohammed – 1408-1416, Naksh Zhakhan – 1416-1418, Wais khan – 1418-1433, Esen Buka – 1433/34-1462,

Dos Mohammed 1462-1468/69, Yunus – 1469 - 1487. After Yunus Moghulistan broke up into separate possession and was governed by: Ahmet sultan, Mahmoud sultan, Hadid sultan, Mansur sultan, Said sultan. Finally Moghulistan completely was a part of Kazakh khanate.

Moghulistan's political history is filled with feudal wars, intestine wars, reflection of attacks from the neighboring states, mainly Timur's invasions on a territory of Prityanshanya. In the 70-80th Moghulistan's governors - the khan Hyzr-Hodge (1388-1389), emir Kamar ad-Din duglat, Enge-tore and others - had to conduct as it was noted above, long and persistent fight against Timur's aggression. During this fight attempt of association of separate forces Ak Horde was undertaken suffered from invasion of armies of Timur. Joint fight against aggressive claims of this conqueror was of great importance for establishment of economic and other contacts of the population of western Deshti Qipchaq and Zhetysu. As a result of wearisome fight with Timur’s aggression Moghulistan broke up into appanages. Hyzr-Hodge-khan was compelled to recognize himself as Timur's vassal. In the first half of the XV century feudal dissociation in the state amplified. Timurids during this period didn't leave claims on Zhetysu and Kashgaria.

Situation was a little strengthened under the rule of the Hyzr-Hodge-khan’s son Mahomed khan (1408-1416). In his presence Moghulistan became independent from Tymurids, he managed to exempt from their power the lands in valleys of the rivers Shu and Talas, decreased by time of intestine war and conflicts. For state centralization Mahomed khan persistently spread Islam in Moghulistan. Even more often Moghulistan's east boundaries began to be exposed to Oyrats’ invasions (the western part of Mongols, in the Central Asian sources they were called the Kalmaks). Repeatedly Wais khan (governed with breaks in 1418-1428) battled to them. It was compelled to move his position from Turfan to the district Ilibalyk in Zhetysu. After Wais khan signs of decline of Moghulistan were more and more found.

In interstine fight group of the nobility prevailed headed by ulusbek Mir-Mahomed-Shakhom dulaty, supported the son Wais khan Esen-Bugu (1433-1462). In the presence of Esen-Buga in the late fifties a part of the Kazakhs headed by sultans Zhanybek and Kerei moved from Eastern Deshti Qipchaq to Semirech’e. Ended process of formation of Turkic tribes of Zhetysu in the Kazakh Senior zhuz, and together with tribes of all Kazakhstan - in Kazakh nationality, and also process of consolidation of Turkic tribes of Prityanshanya in the Kyrgyz nationality were an important factor of gradual isolation of South East Kazakhstan and Kyrkgyziya and Moghulistan's disintegration. At a certain stage of development it is played an important role, having created known guarantees of a self-preservation and development of large ethnic groups, having prepared conditions for the subsequent genesis of ethnically uniform states in the region.

Easing and disintegration of Moghulistan are caused by other political and social and economic reasons. Among them - dissociation of the country on

appasages (uluses), dinastiy’s conflicts of Shagatay’s and wars of the breeding nobility. The discontent of people with constant instability, requisitions, was expressed in the nomadic environment in mass nomadic camps.

The situation in the state, was strengthened a little by Yunus khan (1462-1487) but in 1472 he suffered defeat from the Oyrats, intruded in Semirech’e, and ran to Syr-Darya. The last from governors of Moghulistan, a grandson of Yunus khan Sultan Said khan in 1514 took from the vassal governor mogulistansky khans Abu Bekr-mirza, duglat, Kashgaria and founded in Eastern Turkesktan the new state - Mongoliya. The Kazakh clans and tribes of Zhetysu since 60es were a part of the Kazakh khanate.

4)The Nogay Horde was one of the large state unions which have arisen during disintegration of the Golden Horde. It occupied part of the territory of Western Kazakhstan in the XIV-XV centuries. At first, from the end of the XIV century, this union of tribes between the Ural and the Volga was called mangytsky yurt according to the name of one of the largest tribes. Isolation of the Nogay Horde as semi-independent estate, began in the presence of Edyge who was the large figure in the Golden Horde, actually holding in the hands the power in it for about 15 years (1396-1411). Finally Nogay Horde stood apart by the middle of the XV century, strengthened in the presence of the son Edyge Nur-ad-Din (1426-1440). Borders of the Nogay Horde, as well as other nomadic states, changed depending on a foreign policy situation. By the second half of the XV century the Nogays went out of limits of a left bank of the Ural and also began to occupy nomadic camps of Uzbeks, moving ahead farther to the East and the South. Nomadic camps of the Nogays in the northeast stretched already to Siberia (lands south east to Tyumen were called as the Nogay steppe), in the southeast from time to time they wandered at the Syr-Darya, coast of the Aral Sea.

The ethnic structure of the Nogay Horde till a certain period, completion of consolidation of Turkic nationalities of the region, was close to structure of tribes of the Ak Horde and Abulkhair's Khanate. As a part of it there were Turkic and Turkic Mongolian tribes and breeding unions. Besides Mangyts, Qipchaqs, Kanglys, Kungrats, Naimans, Uyshuns, Karluks, Ktay, az (as), Alshin, Tamma, etc. entered the Nogay Horde. The Nogay Horde arose as the ethnopolitical association, tribes entering into it made a basis of Nogay nationality created by the end of the XV century.

The Nogay Horde in XV-XVI cc. represented the early feudal military and aristocratic state. The power of military and feudal minority was combined with become obsolete forms and institutes of patrimonial management. Only in an initial stage this extensive association had rather strong centralized power. Subsequently independent and semi-independent hordes led by Murzy, Biys were allocated. The Nogay Horde broke up into Big (between the Volga and the Ural), Small (Ciscaucasia) and Altyaulsky on the river Emba. The horde ruled by Biy (prince) elected by Murzy from among representatives of closed estate of the ruling house of Edige (Mangyt clan). Murzy – descendants of numerous sons of

Edige - were large owners of lands and cattle and possessed in the estates all completeness of the power. In the clan they established an order of judicial proceedings, in the relations among themselves there worked the principle of a patrimonial seniority.

Below Murzy there were Karachei and Imeldeshi, and also serving people (uhlans, nuker) – the patrimonial aristocracy pressed by the mangyt’s nobility, but kept influence in uluses. Bulk of the dependent population in the Horde – patrimonial cattle-farmers – obshchinnik. The part of the operated – tumaks (settled poor nomads) – submitted Biys and served one of sources of collection of the centralized rent. Cossacks – the isolated groups of nomads lost touches with the uluses and trading in spoils of war. Small traders (saudager) and slaves (kuly) were only a layer of the main classes.

The supreme body of the power was the Big Council (kurultai), consisting of the high-ranking officials and relatives of Biys. This body chose a Biy, limited his power. Biy made also Small Council from among the highest ranks and approached to Biy feudal lords. The central executive administrative and judicial power, except Biy, was carried out by three "the highest ordyn’s ranks" (Nuradin, Kekovat, Taibura). Their main function is protection of suburban territories of the Horde from invasion from the outside. They were the actual governors of extensive territories, had a significant amount of soldiers, sometimes applied on equal position with Biys, calling itself "sovereigns in the ordyn’s state". This central power represented by Council, Biy, the highest governors (ranks) carried out the following functions: the supreme order of pasturable territories, confirmation of the rights of feudal lords on possession of uluses, appointment to the highest positions, distribution of the income and duties among the feudal lords connected with military campaigns, implementation of the highest judicial function. In the presence of Biy there was a constant governing body – karaduvan. It was at a winter appage of Biya in the town Sarayshik. This body executed judgments and sentences, carried out fiscal and police functions, and also many private instructions of Biy.

In uluses judicial authority and executive power were carried out by governors – Murzy, here were convoked local duvans. There were arbitration – maslagatny courts, and also shariatny courts on religious affairs.

In the XVI century a trade and economic and political connection of the Nogay Horde is established with the Russian state. The history of the Nogay Horde is closely connected with history of the neighboring khanates of the Volga region and Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The history of Nogays is especially close connected with history of nomadic Uzbeks and Kazakhs. The part of Nogays wandering from the Emba to the Syr-Darya, was in continuous contacts with the Kazakhs. After accession of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates to Russia and in connection with civil strives among the Nogay ruling sort, the Nogay Horde broke up into some independent hordes. The part of its population in the territory of Kazakhstan was a part the Junior zhuz of the Kazakhs.

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