Text B. Basic engine parts

The core of the engine is the cylinder, with the piston moving up and down inside the cylinder. That is typical of most lawn mowers, but most cars have more than one cylinder (four, six and eight cylinders are common). In a multi-cylinder engine, the cylinders usually are arranged in one of three ways: inline, v or flat. Different configurations have different advantages and disadvantages in terms of smoothness, manufacturing cost and shape characteristics. These advantages and disadvantages make them more suitable for certain vehicles. Let’s look at key engine parts in more detail.

Exercise 7.Make sure you understand the following words:

Connecting rod, sump, valves, crankshaft, spark plug, piston, piston rings.

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences using the words from Exercise 1:

1) The _______ supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can occur.

2) The intake and exhaust _______ open at the proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out exhaust.

3) A _______ is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder.

4) _______ provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder.

5) The _______ connects the piston to the crankshaft.

6) The _______ turns the piston’s up and down motion into circular motion.

7) The _______ surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil, which collects in the bottom of the sump.

Text C Engine problems

Exercise 9. Before you start answer the questions in pairs:

Do you or your parents have a car? Have you or your parents ever had any problems with the car? What problems? How did you solve them?

Exercise 10. Read the text and find out what problems are mentioned in the text.

So you go out one morning and your engine will turn over but it won’t start… What could be wrong? Now that you know how an engine works, you can understand the basic things that can keep an engine from running. Three fundamental things can happen: a bad fuel mix, lack of compression or lack of spark. Beyond that, thousands of minor things can create problems, but these are the “big three”. Based on the simple engine here is a quick rundown on how these problems affect your engine.

A bad fuel mix can occur in several ways:

• You are out of gas, so the engine is getting air but no fuel.

• The air intake might be clogged, so there is fuel but not enough air.

• The fuel system might be supplying too much or too little fuel to the mix, meaning that combustion does not occur properly.

• There might be an impurity in the fuel (like water in your gas tank) that makes the fuel not burn.

Lack of compression – if the charge of air and fuel cannot be compressed properly, the combustion process will not work like it should. Lack of compression might occur for these reasons:

• Your piston rings are worn (allowing air/fuel to leak past the piston during compression).

• The intake or exhaust valves are not sealing properly, again allowing a leak during compression.

• There is a hole in the cylinder.

The most common “hole” in the cylinder occurs where the top of the cylinder (holding the valves and spark plug also known as the cylinder head) attaches to the cylinder itself. Generally, the cylinder and the cylinder head bolt together with a thin gasket pressed between them to ensure a good seal. If the gasket breaks down, small holes develop between the cylinder and the cylinder head, and these holes cause leaks.

Lack of spark – The spark might be weak for a number of reasons:

• If your spark plug or the wire leading to it is worn out, the spark will be weak.

• If the wire is cut or missing, or if the system that sends a spark down the wire is not working properly, there will be no spark.

• If the spark occurs either too early or too late in the cycle (i. e. if the ignition timing is off), the fuel will not ignite at the right time, and this can cause all sorts of problems.

Unit 4

Before you start.

Exercise 1.Read the international words, define speech parts and guess their meaning. Choose five words and use them in sentences of your own.

Career, luxury, sedan, interface, ultra-comfortable, cruising machine, chassis, characterize, passenger, cruise control, multifunction, deactivation system, electronic stability, technical innovations, coefficient, specification, high-tech.

Exercise 2.Read the abbreviations:

BMW, LCD, mph, CVT, S-turns, V6, S-turns.

Text A.

Exercise 3.Decide if these statements about the text are true (T) or false (F). Read the text and check your answers.

1. The new A4 has different looks in comparison to the previous model.

2. Weight savings give the obvious benefit of a better power to weight ratio, but it also has the benefit of increased fuel consumption.

3. At slow speeds or when parking full lock will be reached with less than one turn of the key, while at high speeds the steering becomes much more sensitive.

4. All models come standard with electronic stability and traction control, six airbags including a front passenger airbag key deactivation system, auto headlights, rain sensing wipers, fog lights, rear parking aids, cruise control, leather multifunction steering wheel, trip computer and a split folding rear seat.

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